1.a. There is global variation in human rights norms

Question 1

What are human rights?

Answer 1

The basic rights and freedoms to which all human beings are entitled.

Question 2

When are human rights applicable?

Answer 2

They are applicable at all times, in all places and they protect everyone equally without discrimination and regardless of nationality, place of residence, sex, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, language or any other status.

Question 3

What does the OHCHR stand for?

Answer 3

(UN) Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.

Question 4

We are all equally entitled to our human rights without….

Answer 4

Discrimination.

Question 5

When was the Universal Declaration of Human Rights established?

(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Answer 5

10th Dec 1948.

Question 6

How many Human Rights are there in total?

(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Answer 6

There are 30 Human Rights in total.

Question 7

What is the Human Rights Council?

(Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Answer 7

An inter-governing body with the UN which is made up of 47 states who promote and protect Human Rights around the globe.

Question 8

Name 3 of the most significant Human Rights?

Answer 8

Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security.

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

Everyone is entitled to all the right and freedoms without distinction of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion.

Everyone has the right to freedom of thought and conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief.

Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services.

Question 9

Name a country that has broken the third Human Right: ‘Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security’.

Answer 9

Ukraine.

Question 10

Name a country that has broken the first Human Right: ‘All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights’.

Answer 10

China.

Question 11

Is the violation of Human Rights a global issue?

Answer 11

Yes, as violations have occurred in many different parts of the world, on every continent and in ACs, EDCs and LICs.

They have been violated at different scales, from individuals to large groups.

Question 12

What are 3 examples of ways in which Human Rights can be violated?

Answer 12

Child trafficking.

Genocide.

Modern slavery.

Question 13

Who is most vulnerable to the violation of Human Rights?

Answer 13

Children and women and the most vulnerable.

Question 14

Why are children and women the most vulnerable to the violation of Human Rights?

Answer 14

Children are easily influenced.

Women and children may be physically weaker than a man.

Education is a very powerful tool, and many women and children have no concept of slavery due to no learning.

Question 15

Globalisation has mixed impacts on human rights. How?

Answer 15

Transnational integration and increased mobility have both strengthened and diminished the protection of human rights.

Question 16

What are two positives globalisation has made on Human Rights?

Answer 16

Human rights become more constant, as people are more interconnected.

Allowed civil societies to work across borders and to promote human rights.

Question 17

What are two negatives globalisation has made on Human Rights?

Answer 17

Trafficking increased as travel links are greater.

It has enabled some organisations to gain power and perpetrate violations e.g. extremists.

Question 18

What is the most ratified Human Right? What does it encompass?

Answer 18

The right to a child.

This encompasses the protection of children in first few years of life.

Question 19

The more developed a country, …

Answer 19

The more developed a country, the lesser chance human rights being exploited.

Question 20

The more developed a country, the lesser chance human rights being exploited. What are some exceptions?

Answer 20

ACs such as Japan, Russia, USA are all exceptions/ anomalies.

Question 21

ACs that violate the Human Rights are normally influenced by what?

Answer 21

Politics.

Question 22

The USA have many states, and each is self-governing. Why are Human Rights still broken?

Answer 22

Areas still have traditions that equate racism.

Question 23

What countries have the greatest risk to the violation of human rights?

Answer 23

War torn countries.

Religion in many Middle Eastern countries influences rates.

Extremist religious groups and geographical holy lands.

Question 24

What are human rights norms?

Answer 24

Represent ways of living that have been inculcated into the culture of a country or area over long periods of time.

The customary behaviour based on moral principles and ways of living instilled into the culture of a country or area over a long period of time.

Question 25

What are human rights norms based on?

Answer 25

Based on the moral principles that underpin the universally accepted standards of human behaviour.

Question 26

Are human rights protected by international law?

Answer 26

Yes.

Question 27

State 3 issues with human right norms.

Answer 27

International human rights law sets out the obligation of state government.

Governments that ratify or sign treaties have to put into practice domestic measures and legislation which are compatible with the treaty.

It is the responsibility of individual governments to do what they want.

Question 28

What does it mean to sign a treaty?

Answer 28

Signing shows an intent by a state to comply with the agreement.

Question 29

What does it mean to ratify a treaty?

Answer 29

When a state consents to be legally bound to that treaty and creates legislation to enforce these laws.

Question 30

What is the most ratified treaty?

Answer 30

The UNCRC.

Question 31

What is the UNCRC?

Answer 31

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child.

Question 32

What does the UNCRC state that children should have access to?

Answer 32

Healthcare.

Education.

Protection.

Social services.

Question 33

What does the UNCRC state that children should have the right to?

Answer 33

Play.

Express themselves.

Have a say in matters affecting them.

Question 34

What is Humanitarian Intervention?

Answer 34

Action taken (often by a third party country or multilateral agency like the UN) to end gross violation of fundamental human rights and protect people at risk from war, famine, genocide etc.​

The main body involved with humanitarian intervention is the UN.

Question 35

How can the UN intervene in global rights protection?

Answer 35

Military force.

UN peace keeping.

Political intervention.

Question 36

How can military force protect global human rights?

Answer 36

The UN Security Council is the only body that can legally authorise the use of force.​

However, this is controversial.​

This is because you encourage and reinforce the idea that conflict is a necessity, and may harm innocent populations during the intervention.

Question 37

How can UN peacekeeping protect global human rights?

Answer 37

Passive Approach aimed to calm situation​.

Question 38

How can political intervention protect global human rights?

Answer 38

Intervention to the practice of governments to interfere in political affairs of other countries.

For example, staging trade interventions.

Question 39

State 3 advantages of military force in the protection of global human rights.

Answer 39

Effective at stopping the human rights violations and injustices.

Allows for political stability.​

Allows communities to re-establish themselves.​

Enables the country to develop (something impossible during conflicts).​

Reduces the exodus of refugees (those in other countries can return reducing burden there). ​

Question 40

State 3 disadvantages of military force in the protection of global human rights.

Answer 40

Civilians get caught up in the fighting.​

Can create more refugees​

Questions whether outcome will be sustainable​. Will the country originate back to its state post-military force?

Damage done to buildings, infrastructure, schools. ​This has the potential to set the development of a country back many years; creating a negative long-term cycle.

Can lead to further socio economic divide.​

Can trigger more human rights abuses​

Questions ulterior motives.

Question 41

Outline the involvement of the UN in the protection of human rights.

Answer 41

The UN is involved with peacekeeping, political, and peace building missions.

Question 42

Outline the involvement of the UN human rights team in the protection of human rights.

Answer 42

Works in the area to protect and promote human rights.

Question 43

Outline the involvement of the UN security council in the protection of human rights.

Answer 43

The UN security council helps to establish a mandate, so that its workers and troops can be authorised and drawn from a wide range of member states.

Military presence helps to protect citizens from HR abuse, with non-use of force except in self-defence.

Question 44

What else does the UN co-ordinate? in the protection of human rights?

Answer 44

Coordinates a wide range of agencies and organisations within the affected areas.

These may be regional organisation, NGOs, or public-private partnerships.

Question 45

Outline regional organisations within the UN (protection of HR)

Answer 45

E.g. NATO.

E.g. OSCE.

E.g. ASEAN intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights​

Question 46

Outline NGOs within the UN (protection of HR)

Answer 46

E.g. Oxfam and Red Cross​

Question 47

Outline public-private partnerships within the UN (protection of HR)

Answer 47

E.g. Gavi Alliance (Global alliance for Vaccines and Immunisations)

Question 48

What other types of intervention can be used (other than military?)​ in the protection of HR

Answer 48

Economic sanctions.

International criminal prosecution of individuals responsible for abuses.

Question 49

What is global governance?:

Answer 49

The intervention by the global community, attempting to regulate issues such as human rights. ​

Question 50

How is global governance complex and multifaceted?

Answer 50

It can involve direct physical intervention as well as the application of a growing number of human rights norms, laws and treaties plus the work of civil society.

Effective intervention depends on their interaction and co-ordination at all scales. ​