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Biology AS > 4A- DNA, RNA and Protein Syntheis > Flashcards

4A- DNA, RNA and Protein Syntheis Flashcards

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1
Q

Gene

A

a section of DNA nucleotide base sequences that codes for a polypeptide protein or functional RNA

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2
Q

Eukaryotic DNA storage

A

1-long, linear DNA associates with histones proteins
2-Histones support DNA
3-DNA coiled up tightly into a compact chromosome so fits in nucleus

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3
Q

Prokaryotic DNA Storage

A

1- carry DNA as chromosomes
2-short and circular DNA molecules
3-DNA not associated with histone proteins
4-condenses to fit into cell via supercoilling

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4
Q

Role of histones

A

1-long, linear DNA associates with Histones proteins to make DNA compact so it can fit into the nucleus
2- supports DNA

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5
Q

Gene codes for

A

1-amino acid base sequence of polypeptide

2-functional RNA - ribosomal RNA +tRNA

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6
Q

genome

A

complete set of genes in a cell

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7
Q

Proteome

A

full range of proteins a cell is able to produce

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8
Q

Triplet/codon

A

series of 3 bases that codes for a specific amino acids

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9
Q

Functional RNA

A

RNA that doesn’t code for a polypeptide chain (NOT mRNA)

-tRNA + rRNA

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10
Q

ribosomal RNA

A
  • mRNA binds to ribsosme which is made of RNA so translation occurs
  • part of the ribosomes
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11
Q

Ribosome made of

A
  • RNA nucleotides

- amino acids

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12
Q

role of ribosome in polypeptide synthesis

A
  1. mRNA binds to ribosome
  2. Idea of two codons/binding sites;
  3. (Allows) tRNA with anticodons to bind/associate;
  4. (Catalyses) formation of peptide bond between
    amino acids (held by tRNA molecules);
  5. Moves along (mRNA to the next codon)/translocation described
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13
Q

why isnt mRNA not a functional RNA

A

it codes for polypeptide chain

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14
Q

Introns

A

a section of DNA base sequences in a gene that doesn’t code for an amino acid

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15
Q

exons

A

section of DNA base sequences in a gene that codes for an amino acid

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16
Q

prokaryotic DNA doesnt have

A

introns

17
Q

alleles

A

alternative forms of the same gene

18
Q

why do different alleles code for slightly different versions of the same polypeptide chain

A

-different sequence of DNA bases

19
Q

Homologous chromosome pair

A
  • both same size
  • same genes from each parents
  • may have different alleles
20
Q

chromosome

A

-

21
Q

locus

A
  • position on a chromosome where a particular allele of a gene is found on each chromosome in a pair.
  • alleles coding for the same characteristic found at same fixed position
22
Q

Multiple repeats

A

DNA sequences that repeat outside the gene that don’t code for an amino acid

23
Q

mRNA structure (messenger)

A

1-carries the genetic code from the DNA in nucleus to the ribosome via leaving nuclear pore
2-single RNA nucleotide strands
3-3 adjacent bases = codons

24
Q

tRNA structure

A

1-carries amino acids to the ribosomes
2-single RNA polynucleotide strand
3-H bonds between specific base pairs holds folded clover shape
4-anticodon specific base sequence
5-amino acid binding site which requires energy from ATP to bind to tRNA

25
Q

eukaryotic DNA structure

A

1-non-coding DNA a base sequence of multiple repeats between genes
2-introns non coding DNA base sequences in a gene between exons that is removed via splicing of pre-mRNA
3-DNA Base sequence that codes for amino acids

26
Q

Transcription occurs

A

-nucleus

27
Q

translation occurs

A

at the ribsomes in the nucleus

28
Q

Transcription

A

1-RNA Polymerase attaches to the DNA double helix at the start of the gene.
2-H bonds between the 2 DNA strands in the gene break via DNA Helicase
3-one strand with exposed bases used as template
4-RNA Polymerase lines up free floating RNA nucleotides and complementary base pairing occurs
5-RNA Polymerase joins RNA nucleotides together via condensation reactions forming phosphodiester bonds
6-pre-RNA polynucleotide is a complementary copy of the template strand
7-H bonds between uncoiled DNA strands reform once RNA Polymerase has passed a recoil double helix
8-RNA Polymerase reaches specific DNA triplet Nuceotide base sequence a stop signal
9-stops making Pre-mRNA
11-Splicing -Introns are removed and exons joined together
12-mRNA acts as messenger and moves out of the nucleus into cytoplasm via nuclear pore

29
Q

Prokaryotic DNA Transcription

A

1-same as transcription of eukaryotes

2-No splicing as doesn’t contain introns so mRNA produced directly from DNA

30
Q

Translation

A

1-mRNA leaves nucleus via nuclear pore to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
2-mRNA attaches to a ribosome
3-tRNA molecules carry amino acids to mRNA
4-ATP PROVIDES THE ENERGY NEEDED FOR AMINO ACIDS TO BIND TO tRNA
5-tRNA with anti-codon that’s complementary to the first codon on mRNA attaches
6-2nd tRNA molecule attaches to next mRNA codon in the same way
7-2 amino acids attached to tRNA form peptide bond via the ribosomes
8-first tRNA moves away leaving first amino acid behind
9- tRNA molecules move along mRNA to next codon
10-until stop codon is reached
11-ribsomes joins amino acids together in polypeptide chain via condensation reactions which moves away from the ribosome

31
Q

Role of ribosomes in transcription

A

1-mRNA is read at for translation
2-Once amino acids line up in the correct order it joins amino acids together via condensation reactions forming peptide bonds between each in a polypeptide structure

32
Q

Non-overlapping

A

base triplets don’t share bases so no overlap of bases in a codon

33
Q

degenerate

A

there are more possible combinations of bases in a triplet than there are amino acids so multiple base triplets can code for the same amino acids

34
Q

Universal

A

same specific base sequences code for the same amino acids in all organisms

35
Q

stop signals

A

sequences of bases that stop production of a protein

36
Q

Histones

A

a protein that associates with DNA so it can condense into chromatin

37
Q

Nucleosome

A

structural unit of eukaryotic chromosomes with DNA coiled around histone proteins

Biology AS (11 decks)

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