1B- more biological Molecules

Question 1

DNA purpose ?

Answer 1

Store genetic information- instructions to grow and develop

Question 2

RNA purpose ?

Answer 2

transfers genetic information to the ribosomes

Question 3

Ribosomes made of

Answer 3

RNA and proteins

Question 4

Nucleotide

Answer 4

monomers that make up polynucleotides- phosphate group, pentose sugar and nitrogen containing base

Question 5

Polynucleotide structure

Answer 5

-Nucleotide join via condensation reactions between phosphate of one and pentose sugar of other forming phosphodiester bond
-sugar phosphate backbone
-

Question 6

phosphodiester bond

Answer 6

bond between pentose sugar and phosphate

Question 7

DNA structure

Answer 7

1-double helix of 2 twisted anti-parallel polynucleotide strands held by H Bonds between specific complementry nitrogen containing base pairs
2-deoxyribose sugar
3-thymine
4-long polynucleotide strands

Question 8

RNA structure

Answer 8

1- single polynucleotide strand
2-ribose
3-uracil
4-short polynucleotide stand

Question 9

AT and CG number of bonds

Answer 9

AT=2

CG=3

Question 10

direction of strand in DNA

Answer 10

antiparallel

Question 11

how to form phosphodiester bonds

Answer 11

condensation reations release a water molecule and links together

Question 12

DNA semi conservative replication

Answer 12

1-DNA Helicase breaks H bonds between complementary bases on 2 polynucleotide strands and double helix unwinds
2-free floating DNA nucleotides are attracted to exposed complementary base pairs on template strand
3-condenation reactions join nucleotides together via phosphodiester bonds catalysed by DNA polymerase. 4- H Bonds between bases on new and template join foaming 2 DNA strands

Question 13

Purpose of DNA semi conservative replication

Answer 13

ensure genetic continuity between generations of cells

Question 14

Action of DNA polymerase

Answer 14

• Active site of DNA polymerase complementry to 3 Prime (OH) end of newly forming DNA strand
• 5 to 3 direction on new strand
• DNA polymerase work on template strands in opposite directions due to antiparallel strands

Question 15

Direction of DNA polymerase

Answer 15

New strand- 5 to 3

Template strand- 3 to 5

Question 16

3 prime

5 prime

Answer 16

3= OH
5= Pho5phate

Question 17

Evidence of semi conservative replication- meselson and stahls experiment

Answer 17

1-2 bacteria samples 1 in light nitrogen and 1 in heavy nitrogen broths
2-sample of DNA taken and spun in centrifuge- heavy N at bottom, Light N top
3-Bacteria grown In Heavy N added to light N broth and left DNA to replicate + New DNA spun in centrifuge
4- IF CONSERVATIVE= light and heavy seperated
5-IF SEMI-CONSERVATIVE= New strand of light and old strand of new+ DNA would settle in middle
6-DNA settled in the middle showing DNA had mixture of new and old strand

Question 18

IF DNA replication was conservative

Answer 18

DNA strands would stay together

Question 19

ATP properties

Answer 19

1-releases a small amount of manageable energy at a time so no heat energy wasted
2-small, soluble molecule so can be transported around cell
3-easily broken down release energy instantaneously
4-quickly re-synthesised
5-phosphorylate other molecules to make more reactive
6-ATP can’t pass out of the cell so immediate energy supply

Question 20

ATP Hydrolysis

Answer 20

ATP + H20 –> ADP + Pi
1- ATP Hydrolyase
2-hydrolysis reaction - uses water molecule to break phosphate bond
3- energy released
4- coupled to other energy-requiring reactions

Question 21

ATP Syntheisis

Answer 21

ADP + Pi–> ATP + H2O
1- ATP Synthase
2- condensation reaction- releases water molecule as phosphate bond forms
3- energy used

Question 22

ATP Hydrolysis

Answer 22

ATP + H20 –> ADP + Pi
1- ATP Hydrolyase
2-hydrolysis reaction - uses water molecule to break phosphate bond
3- energy released
4- coupled to other energy-requiring reactions in cells so energy isn’t wasted as heat

Question 23

ATP Syntheisis

Answer 23

ADP + Pi–> ATP + H2O
1- ATP Synthase
2- condensation reaction- releases water molecule as phosphate bond forms
3- energy used

Question 24

ATP structure

Answer 24

adenine, ribose sugar and 3 phosphate

Question 25

Properties of water

Answer 25

``` 1- Important metabolite 2- Good solvent 3- high latent heat of vaporisation 4-can buffer temp changes 5-very cohesive ```

Question 26

metabolic reaction

Answer 26

chemical reaction in living organisms that keep them alive

Question 27

Important metabolite

Answer 27

condensation reaction=chemical reaction that releases a H20 molecule when it bonds monomers together hydrolysis reaction=chemical reaction that uses H2O molecule when it breaks bonds between monomers

Question 28

Good Solvent

Answer 28

1-water is polar slightly +ve H attracted to -ve ion and -ve O attracted to +ve ion forming H bonds 2-Ions surrounded by H2O and dissolve 3-organisms can take up useful ionic substances dissolved in water and transfer them around the body

Question 29

Important metabolite

Answer 29

1-condensation reaction=chemical reaction that releases a H20 molecule when it bonds monomers together 2-hydrolysis reaction=chemical reaction that uses H2O molecule when it breaks bonds between monomers 3-Organisms uses-

Question 30

Good Solvent

Answer 30

1-water is polar slightly +ve H attracted to -ve ion and -ve O attracted to +ve ion forming H bonds 2-Ions surrounded by H2O and dissolve 3-organisms uses = can take up useful ionic substances dissolved in water and transfer them around the body

Question 31

High latent Heat of Vaporisation

Answer 31

1-lots of Heat energy required to break H bonds between H2O for it to evaporate taking heat energy from surface, lowering temperature 2- organisms uses = water loss through evaporation to cool down with little water loss

Question 32

Can buffer Temperature changes

Answer 32

1- H bonds give water a high specific heat capacity 2-lots of heat energy used to break the H bonds between water for it to evaporate 3- less energy to heat up water 4-organisms uses= don't experience rapid temp changes so stabilises body temp for enzymes and aquatic environments

Question 33

Very Cohesive

Answer 33

1- Cohesion= attraction between water molecules due to polarity 2-Organisms uses= helps water flow so good at mass transport 3- high surface tension with air 4- organism uses= evaporation water droplets form

Question 34

high specific capacity (buffer temp change) def

Answer 34

energy needed to increase the temp of 1 g or water by 1 degree

Question 35

where do inorganic ions occur

Answer 35

1- solution in cytoplasm | 2-body fluids

Question 36

Iron ions Fe2+ in Hb

Answer 36

- Hb made of for different polypeptide chains in a Quaternary structure - Fe2+ in centre binds to oxygen and is oxidised to Fe3+

Question 37

Hydrogen ions H+

Answer 37

H+ conc determines pH that determine enzyme controlled reaction