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Biology AS > 1B- more biological Molecules > Flashcards

1B- more biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA purpose ?

A

Store genetic information- instructions to grow and develop

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2
Q

RNA purpose ?

A

transfers genetic information to the ribosomes

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3
Q

Ribosomes made of

A

RNA and proteins

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4
Q

Nucleotide

A

monomers that make up polynucleotides- phosphate group, pentose sugar and nitrogen containing base

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5
Q

Polynucleotide structure

A

-Nucleotide join via condensation reactions between phosphate of one and pentose sugar of other forming phosphodiester bond
-sugar phosphate backbone
-

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6
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

bond between pentose sugar and phosphate

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7
Q

DNA structure

A

1-double helix of 2 twisted anti-parallel polynucleotide strands held by H Bonds between specific complementry nitrogen containing base pairs
2-deoxyribose sugar
3-thymine
4-long polynucleotide strands

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8
Q

RNA structure

A

1- single polynucleotide strand
2-ribose
3-uracil
4-short polynucleotide stand

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9
Q

AT and CG number of bonds

A

AT=2

CG=3

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10
Q

direction of strand in DNA

A

antiparallel

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11
Q

how to form phosphodiester bonds

A

condensation reations release a water molecule and links together

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12
Q

DNA semi conservative replication

A

1-DNA Helicase breaks H bonds between complementary bases on 2 polynucleotide strands and double helix unwinds
2-free floating DNA nucleotides are attracted to exposed complementary base pairs on template strand
3-condenation reactions join nucleotides together via phosphodiester bonds catalysed by DNA polymerase. 4- H Bonds between bases on new and template join foaming 2 DNA strands

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13
Q

Purpose of DNA semi conservative replication

A

ensure genetic continuity between generations of cells

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14
Q

Action of DNA polymerase

A
  • Active site of DNA polymerase complementry to 3 Prime (OH) end of newly forming DNA strand
  • 5 to 3 direction on new strand
  • DNA polymerase work on template strands in opposite directions due to antiparallel strands
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15
Q

Direction of DNA polymerase

A

New strand- 5 to 3

Template strand- 3 to 5

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16
Q

3 prime

5 prime

A 
3= OH
5= Pho5phate
17
Q

Evidence of semi conservative replication- meselson and stahls experiment

A

1-2 bacteria samples 1 in light nitrogen and 1 in heavy nitrogen broths
2-sample of DNA taken and spun in centrifuge- heavy N at bottom, Light N top
3-Bacteria grown In Heavy N added to light N broth and left DNA to replicate + New DNA spun in centrifuge
4- IF CONSERVATIVE= light and heavy seperated
5-IF SEMI-CONSERVATIVE= New strand of light and old strand of new+ DNA would settle in middle
6-DNA settled in the middle showing DNA had mixture of new and old strand

18
Q

IF DNA replication was conservative

A

DNA strands would stay together

19
Q

ATP properties

A

1-releases a small amount of manageable energy at a time so no heat energy wasted
2-small, soluble molecule so can be transported around cell
3-easily broken down release energy instantaneously
4-quickly re-synthesised
5-phosphorylate other molecules to make more reactive
6-ATP can’t pass out of the cell so immediate energy supply

20
Q

ATP Hydrolysis

A

ATP + H20 –> ADP + Pi
1- ATP Hydrolyase
2-hydrolysis reaction - uses water molecule to break phosphate bond
3- energy released
4- coupled to other energy-requiring reactions

21
Q

ATP Syntheisis

A

ADP + Pi–> ATP + H2O
1- ATP Synthase
2- condensation reaction- releases water molecule as phosphate bond forms
3- energy used

22
Q

ATP Hydrolysis

A

ATP + H20 –> ADP + Pi
1- ATP Hydrolyase
2-hydrolysis reaction - uses water molecule to break phosphate bond
3- energy released
4- coupled to other energy-requiring reactions in cells so energy isn’t wasted as heat

23
Q

ATP Syntheisis

A

ADP + Pi–> ATP + H2O
1- ATP Synthase
2- condensation reaction- releases water molecule as phosphate bond forms
3- energy used

24
Q

ATP structure

A

adenine, ribose sugar and 3 phosphate

25
Q

Properties of water

A 
1- Important metabolite 
2- Good solvent 
3- high latent heat of vaporisation 
4-can buffer temp changes 
5-very cohesive
26
Q

metabolic reaction

A

chemical reaction in living organisms that keep them alive

27
Q

Important metabolite

A

condensation reaction=chemical reaction that releases a H20 molecule when it bonds monomers together
hydrolysis reaction=chemical reaction that uses H2O molecule when it breaks bonds between monomers

28
Q

Good Solvent

A

1-water is polar slightly +ve H attracted to -ve ion
and -ve O attracted to +ve ion forming H bonds
2-Ions surrounded by H2O and dissolve
3-organisms can take up useful ionic substances dissolved in water and transfer them around the body

29
Q

Important metabolite

A

1-condensation reaction=chemical reaction that releases a H20 molecule when it bonds monomers together
2-hydrolysis reaction=chemical reaction that uses H2O molecule when it breaks bonds between monomers
3-Organisms uses-

30
Q

Good Solvent

A

1-water is polar slightly +ve H attracted to -ve ion
and -ve O attracted to +ve ion forming H bonds
2-Ions surrounded by H2O and dissolve
3-organisms uses = can take up useful ionic substances dissolved in water and transfer them around the body

31
Q

High latent Heat of Vaporisation

A

1-lots of Heat energy required to break H bonds between H2O for it to evaporate taking heat energy from surface, lowering temperature
2- organisms uses = water loss through evaporation to cool down with little water loss

32
Q

Can buffer Temperature changes

A

1- H bonds give water a high specific heat capacity
2-lots of heat energy used to break the H bonds between water for it to evaporate
3- less energy to heat up water
4-organisms uses= don’t experience rapid temp changes so stabilises body temp for enzymes and aquatic environments

33
Q

Very Cohesive

A

1- Cohesion= attraction between water molecules due to polarity
2-Organisms uses= helps water flow so good at mass transport
3- high surface tension with air
4- organism uses= evaporation water droplets form

34
Q

high specific capacity (buffer temp change) def

A

energy needed to increase the temp of 1 g or water by 1 degree

35
Q

where do inorganic ions occur

A

1- solution in cytoplasm

2-body fluids

36
Q

Iron ions Fe2+ in Hb

A
  • Hb made of for different polypeptide chains in a Quaternary structure
  • Fe2+ in centre binds to oxygen and is oxidised to Fe3+
37
Q

Hydrogen ions H+

A

H+ conc determines pH that determine enzyme controlled reaction

Biology AS (11 decks)

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