2A-cell division and structure Flashcards
cell surface membrane function
1-regulates movement of substances into and out of the cell
2-receptor molecules respond to chemicals hormones
Nucleus
structure=1-nuclear envelope contains many pores
2-chromosomes made from protein bound DNA
3-chromatin
4-Nucleolus
Function=1-controls transcription of DNA + instructions to make proteins
2-pores allow RNA/substances to move between nucleus and cytoplasm
3-Nucleolus makes ribosomes
Mitochondria
structure=1-double membrane with inner folded christae
2-matrix contains emzymes for respiration
Function=1-site of aerobic respiration to produce ATP
2-Abundance in very active cells
Chloroplasts
Structure=1-surrounded by double membrane
2-thylakoid membranes stacked to form grana
3-Grana linked by lamellae
Golgi apparatus
1-processes and packages new lipids and proteins
2-makes lysosomes
3-makes golgi vesicle
Golgi vesicle
1-stores and proteins made by golgi apparatus
2-transports them out of the cell via cell-surface membrane
Lysosomes
1-contains lysoszymes that digest invading cells+breaking down worn out cell components
2-cell membrane keeps lysozymes separate from cytoplasm
Ribosome
Structure= floats free in cytoplasm or attached to RER
-made of RNA and proteins + surrounded by cell membrane
Function= Protein synthesis occurs
RER
folds and processes proteins made at ribosomes
SER
synthesises and processes new lipids
cell wall
supports cells and prevents it changing shape
Plant cells
1-cellulose cell wall with plasmodesmata-channels for exchanging substances between cells
2-vacuole
3-chloroplasts
Plant cells
1-cellulose cell wall with plasmodesmata-channels for exchanging substances between cells
2-vacuole
3-chloroplasts
4-starch cells
fungal cells
1- chitin cell wall
2-unicellular
3-NO chloroplasts
Epithelial cells structure and function
1-Lots of microvilli,increase surface area for absorption
2-lots of mitochondria to produce ATP and provide energy for active transport of molecules
3-
Red blood cells
1-No nucleus so more room for Hb
2- capillary shaped easily move through blood
3- strong structural proteins as free floating
sperm cells
1- streamlined easily move
2-lots of mitochondria to produce ATP and release energy for movement
3-Enzymes in head to digest though the egg.
tissue
group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function
Organ
group of different tissues that work together to perform a particular function
organ system
group of organs that work together for a particular function
Prokaryotic cell structure
1-Flagellum- rotates to make cell move
2-free floating smaller ribosomes- protein synthesis
3-cell-surface membrane-made of lipids and proteins
4-murein glycoprotein cell wall
5-capsule of secreted slime- protect from immune response
6-plasmids- small loops of DNA that contain genes for antibiotic resistance + passed between prokaryotes
7-free floating circular super-coiled DNA with no associated proteins
8-smaller than eukaryotes
9-no membrane bound organelles
10-smaller ribososmes
How are prokaryotic cells different
1-cytoplasm has no membrane bound organelles 2-smaller ribosomes 3-circular supercoilled DNA lies free in cytoplasm with no associated proteins 4-Murein cell wall 5-capsule of secreted slime 6-plasmids 7-flagellum 8- Smaller than eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cell replication binary fission
1-circular DNA replicates once and plasmids replicate variable number of times
2-cell gets bigger and DNA and plasmids move to opposite ends of the pole
3-cytoplasm divides
4-2 daughter cells produced with 1 circular DNA and a variable number of plasmids
Viruses structure
1-acellular-nucleic acid surrounded by proteins
2-attachment proteins
3-capsid coat
4-core of circular supercoilled DNA or RNA that isn’t associated with proteins
Viral replication
1-virus attaches to Host cell receptor protein due to complementry specific tertiary structure
2-genetic material released into the cell
3-genetic material and proteins replicated by hijacking host cell machinery
4-viral components assemble
5-released from host cell causing cell death