4A: Carbon Group | 4B: Titanium Group Flashcards
CARBON GROUP
Non-metallic to metalloid
C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb (C Si GE San Paba)
Unique properties of C
- Catenation
- Hybridization and allotropy
only element that can form multiple bonds in itself; chain/ring-formation
catenation
2 allotropes of carbon
- crystalline
- amorphous (coals)
2 types of crystalline structures
(carbon)
- diamond
- graphite
purest native form of uncombined carbon. Hardest mineral known
Diamond
tetrahedral
Diamond
TALC/ Mg silicate MgSiO3.xH2O
Graphite
Planar; softest
graphite
types of amorphous coals
(carbon)
- Bituminous
- Anthracite
- Coke
soft coal
Bituminous
hard coal
anthracite
second most abundant element on earth
silicon
impure carbon; coal heated strongly in the absence of air
Coke
Toxicity of silicon
Silicosis (SiO2)
Eka-silicon
Germanium
Stannum
(+) tin cans
Tin (Sn+2,+4)
Treatment of plumbum
EDTA/Ca versenate
uses of germanium
immunostimulant and anti-tumor
Lead is present in:
(+) automobile exhaust, old pipes, canned foods, batteries, paints
Uses of lead
protein precipitant (heavy metal); astringent
TITANIUM SUBGROUP
Ti, Zr, Hf
Titanium is a powerful:
RA/ antioxidant
Titan (son of the earth)
Titanium
Titanium is used as an:
- Opaquant/opacifying agent (not transparent/translucent- capsules,
ocusert/ contact lens) - blocking agent
- UV ray protectant (TiO2)
Use is similar to Al; UV ray protectant
Zirconium
Zirconium is banned due to:
skin granuloma, pulmonary granuloma
