4.7 organic chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

what is crude oil and what is it made from

A

finite resource found in rocks. Crude oil is the remains of an ancient biomass consisting of plankton that was buried in mud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is crude oil a mixture of

A

a number of compounds. Most compounds are hydrocarbons, which are molecules made up from only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are most hydrocarbons in crude oil called

A

alkanes, which only contain single covalent bonds making them saturated hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

general formular for the homologous series of alkanes

A

Cn H2n+2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

formula of methane

A

CH4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

formula of ethane

A

C2H6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

formula of propane

A

C3H8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

formula of butane

A

C4H10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

products of hydrocarbon through combustion

A

complete combustion: Carbon dioxide and Water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A larger hydrocarbon molecule/chain means what?

A

lower flammability and volatility (how easily a liquid vaporises), higher viscosity and higher boiling points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why do larger hydrocarbon molecules / chains have higher boiling points

A

because the molecules are larger, the intermolecular forces are stronger/large, so more energy is required to break them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

products of incomplete combustion

A

carbon monixide, carbon particles known as soot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe the processes in fractional distillation

A

crude oil is heated outside of column where most of it vapourises, mixture of vapour and liquids are passed into the bottom of the fractionating tower. Inside the tower is a concentration gradient, meaning that the top of the tower is cooler and the bottom is hotter. vapour rises up the column and cools and then condenses. each fraction has a different boiling point and condenses at different levels Larger/longer hydrocarbons condense towards the bottom as there are more intermolecular forces which require more energy to break. smaller hydrocarbons condense towards the top.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

uses of LPG

A

cooking equipment, heating appliances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

uses of petrol

A

fuel for cars, heating appliances, produces electricity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

uses of kerosene

A

fuel for jet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

uses of diesel oil

A

fuel for cars, trains, large vehicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

uses of heavy fuel oil

A

fuel for large ship engines / marine boats, power stations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

uses of bitumen

A

used to make tarmac in road making

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the cracking of hydrocarbons

A

when larger hydrocarbons are broken down to produce smaller and more useful molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe the cracking process

A

heating the hydrocarbons to vapourise them, the vapours are either passed over a hot catalyst or mixed with steam and heated to a very high temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

uses of cracking products

A

high demand for fuels with small molecules, like petrol and diesel
alkanes are used to produce polymers and as starting materials for the production of many other chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what type of reaction is cracking

A

thermal decomposition reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

products of cracking

A

alkanes and unsaturated hydrocarbons called alkenes

25
alkenes are hydrocarbons with what?
a double carbon - carbon bond. they are unsaturated as they have more than one double carbon-carbon covalent bond. they have 2 fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane with same number of carbon atoms
26
alkenes are more what than alkanes
alkenes are more reactive.
27
alkene reaction with bromine water
turning it from orange to colourless
28
general formular for homologous series in alkenes
CnH2n
29
draw the first four members of the homolgous series of alkenes
ethene, proprene, butene and pentene DRAW IT ON PAPER MAKE SURE ITS CORRECT
30
formula of ethene
C2H4
31
formula of propene
C3H6
32
formula for butene
C4H8
33
formula for pentene
C5H10
34
functional group of alcohols
OH
35
give names of alcohols
methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol
36
what do alcohols do to react
dissolve in water to form a neutral solution react with sodium to produce hydrogen burn in the air
37
how do alcohols turn into carboxylic acids
they can be oxidised by oxidising agents
38
ethanol + oxygen -> ?
ethanoic acid
39
uses of alcohols
used as fuels, solvents, alcohol in alcoholic drinks
40
what is fermentation
when aqueous solutions of ethanol are produced when sugar solutions are fermented using yeast
41
complete the equation glucose -> ?
ethanol + carbon dioxide
42
conditions needed for fermentation
yest, no air, temperatures from 30-40 degrees C
43
optimum temperature for fermentation and why?
38 degrees C lower temperatures cause the reaction to be too slow higher temperatures causes the yeast to die and enzymes to denature
44
fermentation is done in the absence of what?
air / oxygen presence of air can cause extra reactions to occur, if the ethanol oxidises, it can produce ethanoic acid (vinegar)
45
functional group of carboxylic acids
COOH
46
carboxylix acids do what to react
dissolve in water to produce acidic solutions react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide reacts with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst to produce esters
47
what kind of acids are carboxylic acids
weak acids as they do not ionise completely when dissolved in water.
48
what are esters
made from the reaction of carboxylic acids and alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst eg. sulfuric acid
49
functional group of esters
-COO-
50
whats the ester produced from ethanol and ethanoic acid
ethyl ethanoate
51
what is addition polymerisation
Addition polymerisation is a process involving many small, unsaturated monomers combining to form one large polymer molecule
52
what happens during additional polymerisation to alkenes
the double bonds open up and many small unsaturated molecules join together to form very large saturated molecules.
53
what is condensation polymerisation
involves monomers with two functional groups. when these monomers react they join together, usually using small molecules such as water
53
products of condensation polymerisation
water
54
amino acids have what functional groups in a molecule
amino acids have two functional groups in a molecule
55
amino acids react by what
condensation polymerisation produce polypeptides
56
when different amino acids are combined, what is produced?
proteins
57