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Chemistry > 4.7 organic chemistry > Flashcards

4.7 organic chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

what is crude oil and what is it made from

A

finite resource found in rocks. Crude oil is the remains of an ancient biomass consisting of plankton that was buried in mud

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2
Q

what is crude oil a mixture of

A

a number of compounds. Most compounds are hydrocarbons, which are molecules made up from only hydrogen and carbon atoms.

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3
Q

what are most hydrocarbons in crude oil called

A

alkanes, which only contain single covalent bonds making them saturated hydrocarbons

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4
Q

general formular for the homologous series of alkanes

A

Cn H2n+2

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5
Q

formula of methane

A

CH4

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6
Q

formula of ethane

A

C2H6

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7
Q

formula of propane

A

C3H8

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8
Q

formula of butane

A

C4H10

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9
Q

products of hydrocarbon through combustion

A

complete combustion: Carbon dioxide and Water.

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10
Q

A larger hydrocarbon molecule/chain means what?

A

lower flammability and volatility (how easily a liquid vaporises), higher viscosity and higher boiling points

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11
Q

why do larger hydrocarbon molecules / chains have higher boiling points

A

because the molecules are larger, the intermolecular forces are stronger/large, so more energy is required to break them

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12
Q

products of incomplete combustion

A

carbon monixide, carbon particles known as soot

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13
Q

describe the processes in fractional distillation

A

crude oil is heated outside of column where most of it vapourises, mixture of vapour and liquids are passed into the bottom of the fractionating tower. Inside the tower is a concentration gradient, meaning that the top of the tower is cooler and the bottom is hotter. vapour rises up the column and cools and then condenses. each fraction has a different boiling point and condenses at different levels Larger/longer hydrocarbons condense towards the bottom as there are more intermolecular forces which require more energy to break. smaller hydrocarbons condense towards the top.

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14
Q

uses of LPG

A

cooking equipment, heating appliances

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15
Q

uses of petrol

A

fuel for cars, heating appliances, produces electricity

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16
Q

uses of kerosene

A

fuel for jet

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17
Q

uses of diesel oil

A

fuel for cars, trains, large vehicles

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18
Q

uses of heavy fuel oil

A

fuel for large ship engines / marine boats, power stations

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19
Q

uses of bitumen

A

used to make tarmac in road making

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20
Q

what is the cracking of hydrocarbons

A

when larger hydrocarbons are broken down to produce smaller and more useful molecules

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21
Q

describe the cracking process

A

heating the hydrocarbons to vapourise them, the vapours are either passed over a hot catalyst or mixed with steam and heated to a very high temperature

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22
Q

uses of cracking products

A

high demand for fuels with small molecules, like petrol and diesel
alkanes are used to produce polymers and as starting materials for the production of many other chemicals

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23
Q

what type of reaction is cracking

A

thermal decomposition reactions

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24
Q

products of cracking

A

alkanes and unsaturated hydrocarbons called alkenes

25
Q

alkenes are hydrocarbons with what?

A

a double carbon - carbon bond. they are unsaturated as they have more than one double carbon-carbon covalent bond.
they have 2 fewer hydrogen atoms than the alkane with same number of carbon atoms

26
Q

alkenes are more what than alkanes

A

alkenes are more reactive.

27
Q

alkene reaction with bromine water

A

turning it from orange to colourless

28
Q

general formular for homologous series in alkenes

A

CnH2n

29
Q

draw the first four members of the homolgous series of alkenes

A

ethene, proprene, butene and pentene
DRAW IT ON PAPER MAKE SURE ITS CORRECT

30
Q

formula of ethene

A

C2H4

31
Q

formula of propene

A

C3H6

32
Q

formula for butene

A

C4H8

33
Q

formula for pentene

A

C5H10

34
Q

functional group of alcohols

A

OH

35
Q

give names of alcohols

A

methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol

36
Q

what do alcohols do to react

A

dissolve in water to form a neutral solution
react with sodium to produce hydrogen
burn in the air

37
Q

how do alcohols turn into carboxylic acids

A

they can be oxidised by oxidising agents

38
Q

ethanol + oxygen -> ?

A

ethanoic acid

39
Q

uses of alcohols

A

used as fuels, solvents, alcohol in alcoholic drinks

40
Q

what is fermentation

A

when aqueous solutions of ethanol are produced when sugar solutions are fermented using yeast

41
Q

complete the equation
glucose -> ?

A

ethanol + carbon dioxide

42
Q

conditions needed for fermentation

A

yest, no air, temperatures from 30-40 degrees C

43
Q

optimum temperature for fermentation and why?

A

38 degrees C
lower temperatures cause the reaction to be too slow
higher temperatures causes the yeast to die and enzymes to denature

44
Q

fermentation is done in the absence of what?

A

air / oxygen
presence of air can cause extra reactions to occur, if the ethanol oxidises, it can produce ethanoic acid (vinegar)

45
Q

functional group of carboxylic acids

A

COOH

46
Q

carboxylix acids do what to react

A

dissolve in water to produce acidic solutions
react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide
reacts with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst to produce esters

47
Q

what kind of acids are carboxylic acids

A

weak acids as they do not ionise completely when dissolved in water.

48
Q

what are esters

A

made from the reaction of carboxylic acids and alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst eg. sulfuric acid

49
Q

functional group of esters

A

-COO-

50
Q

whats the ester produced from ethanol and ethanoic acid

A

ethyl ethanoate

51
Q

what is addition polymerisation

A

Addition polymerisation is a process involving many small, unsaturated monomers combining to form one large polymer molecule

52
Q

what happens during additional polymerisation to alkenes

A

the double bonds open up and many small unsaturated molecules join together to form very large saturated molecules.

53
Q

what is condensation polymerisation

A

involves monomers with two functional groups. when these monomers react they join together, usually using small molecules such as water

53
Q

products of condensation polymerisation

A

water

54
Q

amino acids have what functional groups in a molecule

A

amino acids have two functional groups in a molecule

55
Q

amino acids react by what

A

condensation polymerisation produce polypeptides

56
Q

when different amino acids are combined, what is produced?

A

proteins

57
Q
A

Chemistry (8 decks)

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