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Long Book > 450 Therapuetic Modalities > Flashcards

450 Therapuetic Modalities Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Modalities

A

cryotherapy, electrical stimulation, ultrasound. massage. traction, diathermy, lasers and magnets

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2
Q

Methods of Heat Transfer

A 
conduction
convection
conversion
radiation
evaporation
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3
Q

Conduction

A

heat transfer from warmer object to cooler one
depends on temperature, exposure time, and tissue thickness
i.e. moist hot pack. paraffin bath, ice pack, cold pack

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4
Q

Convection

A

transfer of heat through mvmt of fluids or gases
depends on temp, speed, conductivity impact
i.e. whirlpools and fluidotherapy

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5
Q

Radiation

A

heat transferred from one object through space to another
depends on intensity,size, distance, and angle
i.e. shortwave diathermy, infrared heathing, and ultraviolet

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6
Q

Conversion

A

changing nonthermal energy to thermal energy(sound,electric,chemical)
depends on power
i.e. ultrasound and diathermy

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7
Q

Evaporation

A

change b/t liquid to gas state

i.e. vapocoolant spray

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8
Q

Wavelength (km, m,angstorms)

A

distance b/t one point on a wave to next wave

as wl increases frequency decreases

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9
Q

Frequency ( HZ or MHZ)

A

wave oscillations in a second

frequency increases, wavelength decreases

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10
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

visible/nonvisible refracted light

rely on electromagnetic energy that can be absorbed, refracted, reflected, or transmitted

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11
Q

Reflect

A

bend back from surface

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12
Q

Transmit

A

penetrate deeper tissue

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13
Q

Refract

A

change direction or bend away

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14
Q

Absorb

A

infiltrate deeper tissue

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15
Q

Electromagnetic Modalities

A

infrared, biofeedback, iotophoresis, ultraviolet, electrical stimulation, diathermy, lasers

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16
Q

Infrared modalities

A

cold pack, whirlpool, paraffin, hydrocollator, infrared lamp

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17
Q

Acoustic Modalities

A

ultrasound- high frequency, molecular collision for energy transfer

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18
Q

Arndt-Schultz Principle

A

absorbed energy must be sufficient to initiate physiological effect

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19
Q

Law of Grotthus-Draper

A

unabsorbed energy is transmitted deepers

20
Q

Cosine Law

A

based on angle of tx, cosine of tx anle dictates significance of heating i.e. diathermy
perpendicular 100%
45 degree 71%

21
Q

Inverse Square Law

A

based on distance of tx, decreased distance increases intensity by 1/3

22
Q

Pain Response

A

behavioral, cognitive, cultural, emotional, sensory

23
Q

Forms of pain

A

acute, chronic, radiating, referred, trigger point, visceral

24
Q

Sclerotomic

A

deep somatic track that is innervated by same signal spine nerve, pain from all tissues innervated by same nerve

25
Q

Somatic pain

A

pain from the skin and deep tissues

26
Q

Visceral pain

A

pain from internal organs

27
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

pressure, meissner, pacinian, and merkel corpuscles

28
Q

Nociceptors

A

pain, free nerve endings

29
Q

Proprioceptors

A

tension, muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs

30
Q

Thermoreceptos

A

temperature, Ruffini corpuscles and krause end bulbs

31
Q

Afferent pain transmission

A

dorsal horn, periphery to brain

32
Q

Efferent pain transmission

A

ventral horn, brain to periphery

33
Q

First-order neurons pain transmission

A

periphery to dorsal root ganglion

34
Q

Second-order neurons pain transmission

A

spinal cord connecting to thalamus

35
Q

Third-order neurons pain transmission

A

thalamus connecting to cerebral cortex

36
Q

A-B nerve fibers

A

fast size and speed; myelinated

37
Q

A-o nerve fibers

A

moderate size and speed, myelinated

38
Q

C nerve fibers

A

small, slow, unmyelinated

39
Q

Gate Control Theory

A

A-B fibers travel faster to the dorsal horn and stimulate inhibitory neurons, substania gelatinosa does/doesnt send sensation to second order afferent, T cell takes sensory info to brain: CLOSE GAIT STIMULAT A-B fibers to block other fibers transmission

40
Q

Gate Control Execution

A

Ascending Pathway

Modalities: Sensory level TENS, moist heat pack, whirl pool, ice, some massage

41
Q

Central Biasing Theory

A

Brain impulses (thalamus) carried to dorsal horn, “close the gate” to painful stimulus, midbrain adn pons/medulla stimulate release of enkephalin in dorsal horn

42
Q

Central Biasing Execution

A

Pathway descending

modalities: accupressure, TENS, point stimulators, strong motor electrical stimulation

43
Q

Endorphins and Dynorphin Theory

A

not clearly understod, hypothalamus influences PAG in brainstem, B endorphin released from brainstem, dynorphin found in PAG

44
Q

Endorphins and Dynorphin Theory

A

Pathway Descending

Selected modalities: noxious electrical stimulation, acupuncture, electroacupuncture

45
Q

Safety in using Therapeutic Modalities

A

equipment used/maintained in appropriate manner
follow manufacturer recommendations
failure to follow = NEGLIGENCE

Long Book (9 decks)

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