4.5 Stages Of Learning Flashcards
The three stages of learning
Cognitive associative autonomous
Cognitive stage
The initial phase in the learning process where a beginner is faced with a new skill or set of skills. Learners main concern is to understand what is required and how to attend the skill. There is little attention given to the wide environment and learner has to think about the skin a lot. Takes a lot of practice/trial and error coaches can help learners attend to relevant cues and provide feedback as learners are often unaware to correct errors during this phase successful actions are retained in unsuccessful ones, discarded so progress appears rapid
What does a cognitive learner look like?
1.inconsistent e.g. only 50% of serves reach the service box
2.lots of errors.
3.uncoordinated
4. Lack flow/poor timing.
5.jerky movement
6. lack tactical awareness
Associative stage
This phase begins when the learner can perform the action, but starts to refine the skill. Smoother patterns of movement begins to emerge before it begins to monitor their own feedback, but additional feedback is still required and needs to be more detailed than in the cognitive stage. greater emphasis is now kinaesthesis. Skill can be performed in a changing environment.
What does an associative learner look like?
Matching or associating a mental picture with a natural performance e.g. rugby player attempts to dropkick in sees if it matches a demonstration.
Motor programs begins to be formed.
Kinaesthetic or intrinsic feedback used
Increase fluency/less jerky/less mistakes
Autonomous stage
Motor programs are completely formed in the long-term memory and reaction time is short for performance to stay. In this stage. They must continually refer back to the associated phase where practice insures motor of programs are reinforced.
What does an autonomous learner look like?
1.little conscious thought needed.
2. Performer is able to ignore distractions
3.performer can concentrate on strategies.
4. Performer will have quick reactions as most program will properly be formed.
5. Confident performance
6.performance will be a good quality
7.performer is able to use kinaesthesis
What are the four types of guidance?
Visual(demo). Verbal (explain) manual (hands-on) mechanical (use of aid)
Visual guidance
All level of learners, particularly useful for cognitive stages of learning helps, perform a create a mental image
Forms of visual guidance
Demonstration – copying or imitating a skilled performance
Visual aids – models pictures, photographs videos static visual aids is limited as learning moves into associative stage. Moving visual aids very successful to a learning.
Modifying the display – learners attention upon certain stimuli within the display, obvious consequences of improving the learning, selective attention to important information
Verbal guidance
Instructions coaching points, encouragement. Guide attention to key points during demonstrations. Best for open skills when quick decisions and adaptations required. Quite easy to tell learners about tactics rather than show them. Verbal guidance used to create an image 
Manual guidance
Involves coach holding and physically manipulating body of the learner to induce the correct pattern of movement
Mechanical guidance
Making use of an object or piece of apparatus to shape the skill
Advantages of visual guidance
Help create a mental picture. Allows advance performance to analyse their own own performance, enables queueing . Gives understanding of movement requirement encourages observational learning
Disadvantages of visual guidance
Not good for long skills with too much info. Static displays quickly loose their impact. Demo could be correct. Slow motion, demos can be unclear.
Advantages of verbal guidance
Good for conveying detail. Good for directing attention to important queues gives info for improving performance. can help confidence refine skills during performance (concurrent FB)
Disadvantages of verbal guidance
Needs to be removed ASAP to prevent dependency. Feel of movement may not be truly representative. Difficult to use when working with groups.
Advantages of manual and mechanical guidance
Develops spatial awareness, plus timing
Disadvantages of manual and mechanical guidance
 designed to eliminate errors. Therefore the learner doesn’t experience mistakes.
Intrinsic feedback
 information available to performer that is internal from sensory system – kinaesthetic sense. Feeling of hitting golf ball
Advantages of intrinsic feedback
Quick. Concurrent movement alter during performance. self reliance develop performance on good for autonomous easier to apply
Disadvantages of intrinsic feedback
Hard for cognitive to interpret. Sensory effectiveness performance have different, sensory effectiveness and more gain more others less.
Extrinsic feedback
From external source to the performer, e.g. fitness test results
Advantage of extrinsic feedback
More objective coach can see what’s happening. More reliable. Motivation can be improved. Better for cognitive. improve performance quicker and improved technique
Disadvantages of extrinsic feedback
Feedback can be in accurate, creating incorrect performance. Motivation loss. Overreliance so can’t correct own mistakes and doesn’t develop an kinaesthetic sense. Too much can overload performer.
Positive feedback
Information about successful outcome, often praise, e.g. coach, praising badminton player for good hits
Advantages of positive feed back
Positive reinforcement strengthens SR bonds. Is motivating encouraging learners to work hard. Build confidence.
Disadvantages of positive feedback
If undeserved can lead to wrong, SR bonds and some performance, don’t respond to positive feedback
Negative feedback
Info about unsuccessful outcome can be in the form of criticism e.g. coach criticising netball pass due to lack of power
Advantages of negative feedback
Motivating performer, more determined. clarity makes area of improvement clear for autonomous can offer further refinement of skills
Disadvantages of negative feedback
Demotivating, especially for cognitive learners. Detrimental negative impact on learning, particularly if inaccurate.
Knowledge of performance
Information about technique, e.g. coach telling swimmer about leg technique
Advantages of knowledge of performance
Helped understand how to refine techniques. Receive during performance, immediate adjustments made. Can inform technique is correct, even if outcome is wrong.
Disadvantages of KOP
If feedback is wrong, can be detrimental to performance. Doesn’t inform of Emma results and can be more subjective.
Knowledge of results
Info of outcome, e.g. distance, jumped by triple jump
Advantages of knowledge of results
Can motivate often based on data and needed to know if movement was actually successful
Disadvantages of KOR
Can be two statistic based can demotivate outcome is negative and doesn’t improve understanding of technique
Six types of feedback
- Intrinsic
- Extrinsic.
- Positive
- Negative
- Knowledge of performance.
- Knowledge of results.
