4.4 learning theories Flashcards
What are the three theories of learning?
– Operant conditioning
– cognitive theory of learning,
– banduras theory of social/observational learning
What is operant conditioning?
1.association link stimulus with set response.
2.correct behaviour reinforced
3.form/strengthen SR bond.
4.Learn skills faster with reinforcement/reward
5. trial and error.
6.negative reinforcement, strengthen SR bond
7. Punishment prevent a response occurring/weaken SR bond.
8.environmental manipulation, improve the bond through condition practices
9. shaping shapes or modifies behaviour praises skills, along with the right lines/ignores techniques that are wrong.
10. Thorndikes law
Example for operant conditioning
Association – badminton players to smash when they see the shuttlecock high and the near the net
Reinforced – praising the player for performing the smash.
SR bond – reinforcement means smash is more likely to be repeated. Next time. Stimulus is present.
Reinforcement – coach praises every time smash is performed correctly.
Trial and error- Try smash shot realises what they’re doing wrong and works on it to correct play.
Negative reinforcement – coach stop shouting/correcting when smash was performed at the right time.
Punishment – sprint up and down the hall after putting the shuttlecock into the net.
Environmental manipulation – coach could draw circle on the floor for a player to aim, smash into
Shaping Praises that player use the correct smash action, even though he hit the net
What is reinforcement?
Process causing behaviour to re-occur by strengthening the SR bond
What is positive reinforcement?
Use of a satisfier to increase probability of a response or behaviour occurring it encourages correct SR bonds
What is negative reinforcement
A stimulus which were removed increases. The probability of the response occurring some performers are used to having a coach who constantly yells criticism at them. If the performer has a relatively good game and it escapes criticism, then the removal of the adverse stimulus encourages correct SR bond.
What is punishment?
Presentation of an adverse event in order to discourage the previous behaviour. Breaks incorrect, SR bonds
What are the guidelines for giving reinforcements?
– Reinforce immediately.
– be consistent.
– respond to effort and behaviour.
– allow mistakes.
– maintain reinforcement, even after behaviours, learned
What are Thorndikes three laws
Law of affect, law of exercise, law of readiness
What is the law of effect?
If the behaviour is followed by satisfier, it is more likely to be repeated if the behaviour is followed by an annoyer , the less likely it is to be reproduced
What is the law of effect?
The more often or responses practice the stronger than learning bond will become
What is the law of readiness?
Learning can take place if the performer is physically and mentally ready/prepared
Gave an example of law of affect
Beginner, ropey player, learning, spin pass, and is successful effect is deemed successful and more likely player will perform skill correctly again if unsuccessful and effect is failure, ball goes in wrong direction. Then the effect is one that is subsequently avoided.
Example of law of exercise
If a gymnast practices, a floor routine repeatedly, then the stimulus response bonds are repeated exercised The more times of skill is practised. The more likely a response will be bonded to a particular stimulus.
Example of law of readiness
Hockey player has been drilled to perform a particular penalty flick, maybe predictable and motivated by inhabitation practic should be stopped for awhile. Perhaps try new strategies. New target should be set practice resumed
Explain hulls drive theory
Stated that if the SR bond is to be strong, a performer must be motivated to do well, he warned against too much repetition of practice, because he thought that it could lead to inhibition, which would demotivate the performer, and weaken SR bond. The inhabitation or reduction can be overcome after a rest, interval, or when new and more motivating goals are determined . 
What is cognitive learning theory?
A theory that suggests that there are intervening variables (mental processes), the theory is concerned with thinking and understanding, rather than linking a stimulus with a response. 
Key points of cognitive learning theory
W- whole - entirety
I – intervening variables. - mental processing
P – perception. - general understanding
P – past experiences. - previous
I – insight - problem-solving through past experiences
Describe intervening variables
Mental processes between stimulus and response, e.g. a footballer taking a free kick considering the height of the defenders and position of the goalkeeper
Describe insight learning
Problem solving involving memory, e.g. a badminton player, watching a game to see the advantage of playing a smash shot at a sudden sharp angle
What is a connectionist?
Skills best delivered in parts the development of learning bond by connecting the stimulus with the response explains how we learn
What is cognitive?
Skills are best delivered as a whole the development of insights occurring when the whole problem is solved explains how we learn
Banduras observational learning theory
1.observational learning states are behaviour is formed by copying others.
2. copying is more likely to occur if a significant other is observed.
3. Reinforcement makes copying more likely to occur
4. Theory derives from the Bobo doll experiment.
How does Banduras theory happen
- demonstration.
- attention
3.retention
4.motor reproduction
5.motivation
What is attention?
Learner must focus on the demo cueing is useful, attractiveness status and competence of model effects learning attention span of learning rewards. Encourage attention span e.g. coach provides rewards for every three shots e.g. learner must pay attention watching free throws
What is retention?
Learner must be able to remember demo mental picture needs creating repetition of demo aids. Learning mental rehearsal encourages learning, e.g. learning must be able to remember the stages of triple jump to perform it
What is motor reproduction?
Learner must be mentally and physically able demo must match stage of learning. Feedback back is important to check performance matches demo.
What is motivation?
Lara must have the desire/drive for learning to occur positive reinforcement or extrinsic feedback will enhance motivation, e.g. the crowd chewing on a cricketer when they bowl would encourage motivation levels
Factors which affect modelling
High status, similar to us, models behaviour is praised, high, standard, socially, acceptable behaviour, friendly/attractive, demo is clear, if a observer is focused, if observer is motivated
