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chemistry all note flashcards - 3rd And 4th > 4.5 - Organic I > Flashcards

4.5 - Organic I Flashcards

1
Q

what is crude oil

A

a mixture of hydrocarbons, compounds of hydrogen (H) and carbon (C)

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2
Q

why does crude oil boil over a large range of temperatures

A

the different hydrocarbons in it come in a huge variety of shapes and sizes

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3
Q

why do you need to separate crude oil into fractions which contain similarly used molecules

A

most of the hydrocarbons are useful, but for different purposes

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4
Q

what is each fraction of crude oil

A

a mixture of similar hydrocarbons with similar boiling points

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5
Q

what happens to the fractions as the boiling points increase

A

they get darker in colour
they get more viscous

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6
Q

what is the boiling point of refinery gases

A

low

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7
Q

what is the molecular mass of refinery gases

A

low

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8
Q

what is the colour of refinery gases

A

light (colourless)

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9
Q

what is the viscosity of refinery gases

A

low

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10
Q

what is the use of refinery gases

A

fuel for home cooking (and home heating)

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11
Q

what is the boiling point of gasoline

A

low but higher than refinery gases

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12
Q

what is the molecular mass of gasoline

A

low but higher than refinery gases

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13
Q

what is the colour of gasoline

A

light but darker than refinery gases (pale yellow)

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14
Q

what is the viscosity of gasoline

A

low but higher than refinery gases

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15
Q

what is the use of gasoline

A

fuel for cars

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16
Q

what is the boiling point of kerosene

A

on the highest end of low as is higher than refinery gases and gasoline

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17
Q

what is the molecular mass of kerosene

A

on the highest end of low is higher than refinery gases and gasoline

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18
Q

what is the colour of kerosene

A

darker than gasoline

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19
Q

what is the viscosity of kerosene

A

on the highest end of low as is higher than refinery gases and gasoline

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20
Q

what is the use of kerosene

A

fuel for aircraft (and industrial heating)

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21
Q

what is the boiling point of diesel

A

on the lowest end of high as is higher than refinery gases, gasoline and kerosene

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22
Q

what is the molecular mass of diesel

A

on the lowest end of high as is higher than refinery gases, gasoline and kerosene

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23
Q

what is the colour of diesel

A

darker than kerosene (dark yellow)

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24
Q

what is the use of diesel

A

fuel for trains (and trucks)

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25
Q

what is the boiling point of fuel oil

A

second highest as is higher than refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene and diesel

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26
Q

what is the molecular mass of fuel oil

A

second highest as is higher than refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene and diesel

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27
Q

what is the colour of fuel oil

A

darker than diesel (brown)

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28
Q

what is the viscosity of fuel oil

A

second highest as is higher than refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene and diesel

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29
Q

what is the use of fuel oil

A

fuel for ships

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30
Q

what is the boiling point of bitumen

A

high and the highest as is higher than refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel and fuel oil

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31
Q

what is the molecular mass of bitumen

A

high and the highest as is higher than refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel and fuel oil

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32
Q

what is the colour of bitumen

A

darkest (black)

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33
Q

what is the viscosity of bitumen

A

high and the highest as is higher than refinery gases, gasoline, kerosene, diesel and fuel oil

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34
Q

what is the use of bitumen

A

making roads (and roofs)

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35
Q

how are each of the fractions separated from crude oil

A

by fractional distillation

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36
Q

where is the fractionating column hotter and colder

A

hotter at bottom and colder at top

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37
Q

what is the order of the fractionating column top to bottom/ cold to hot

A

refinery gases
gasoline
kerosene
diesel
fuel oil
bitumen

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38
Q

mnemonic to remember order of fractionating column top to bottom

A

rad
gangs
kill
dads
feeding
babies

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39
Q

how does fractional distillation of crude oil work

A

1- heated crude oil vapours enter the column
2- vapours rise until they reach their boiling point when they condense
3- different vapours condense at different heights due to their different boiling points
4- similar vapours condense together as a franction

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40
Q

what are fractions

A

mixtures containing the hydrocarbons that boil in a particular temperature range

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41
Q

what are alkanes

A

hydrocarbons that fit the general formula CnH2n+2

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42
Q

what are alkanes made of

A

simple molecules containing C and H atoms held together by covalent bonds

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43
Q

what is the pattern of the names of alkanes

A

-the start of the name shows how many carbon atoms it has
-the end of the name is ‘-ane’ to show it is an alkane

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44
Q

what is the formula of the first alkane - methane

A

CH4

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45
Q

what is the name of the first alkane

A

methane

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46
Q

what is the bonding of the first alkane - methane

A

bonding: H
¦
H—-C—-H
¦
H

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47
Q

what is the formula of the second alkane - ethane

48
Q

what is the name of then second alkane

49
Q

what is the bonding of the second alkane - ethane

A

bonding: H H
¦ ¦
H——C——–C——-H
¦ ¦
H H

50
Q

what is the formula of the third alkane - propane

51
Q

what is the name of the third alkane

52
Q

what is the bonding of the third alkane - propane

A

bonding: H H H
¦ ¦ ¦
H—–C——C——C——H
¦ ¦ ¦
H H H

53
Q

what is the formula of the fourth alkane - butane

54
Q

what is the name of the fourth alkane

55
Q

what is the bonding of the fourth alkane - butane

A

bonding: H H H H
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
H—–C—–C——C——C—–H
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
H H H H

56
Q

what is the formula of the fifth alkane - pentane

57
Q

what is the name of the fifth alkane

58
Q

what is the bonding of the fifth alkane - pentane

A

bonding: H H H H H
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
H—-C——C—-C—–C—-C—-H
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
H H H H H

59
Q

after the first five alkanes what pattern do the other names follow

A

the 2D shapes - hexane, heptane, octane etc

60
Q

what is a displayed formula

A

a diagram showing the positions of every atom and bond

61
Q

what is an example of a displayed formula using butane

A

bonding: H H H H
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
H—-C—–C—-C—–C—–H
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
H H H H

62
Q

what is a structural formula

A

shows the structure of the molecule in one line, read from left to right like a word

63
Q

what is an example of a structural formula using butane

A

CH3CH2CH2CH3

64
Q

what is a molecular formula

A

only shows how many carbon and hydrogen atoms there are

65
Q

what is an example of a molecular formula

66
Q

what is an empirical formula

A

only shows the simplest whole-number ratio of carbon to hydrogen

67
Q

what is an example of an empirical formula using butane

68
Q

what type of series are alkanes

A

homologous series

69
Q

what is a homologous series

A

a family of molecules which have:
- similar chemical reactions
-trends in physical properties (boiling points, viscosity, colour)
-the same general formula

70
Q

what are isomers

A

molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

71
Q

what do the isomers of C4H10 look like

A

1: H H H H 2. H H H
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
H—C—-C—C—-C—H H——C—–C—-C—–H
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
H H H H H ¦ H
H—-C—-H
¦
H

72
Q

what do the isomers of C5H12 look like

73
Q

how do you know when two structures are not isomers

A

you cannot make isomers by just bending the molecule
what makes isomers different is the branching of the carbon chain

74
Q

why are most alkanes used as fuels

A

they release a lot of energy when combusted

75
Q

what are the two types of combustion alkanes can undergo

A

complete combustion
incomplete combustion

76
Q

when does complete combustion occur

A

when there is excess oxygen

77
Q

what does complete combustion produce

A

only CO2 and H2O

78
Q

what is the equation for complete combustion

A

alkane + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

79
Q

what would the word and chemical equations for complete combustion of propane look like

A

propane + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water
C3H8 5O2 3CO2 4H2O

80
Q

when does incomplete combustion occur

A

when there is not enough excess oxygen

81
Q

what does incomplete combustion produce

A

carbon monoxide (CO) - a toxic gas which lowers oxygen-carrying capacity of blood

soot (C) - which causes lung diseases

it also releases less energy so it makes the alkane less useful as a fuel

82
Q

what are the names of the three significant pollutants that the combustion of alkanes as fuels release into the atmosphere

A

carbon dioxide (CO2)
nitrogen oxides (NOx)
sulphur dioxide (SO2)

83
Q

what are the three significant pollutants that the combustion of alkanes as fuels release into the atmosphere in detail)

A

carbon dioxide - this forms directly from the combustion of the
alkane fuel. it is a greenhouse gas that traps heat in
the atmosphere and causes climate change
nitrogen oxides - this family of compounds form when nitrogen from
when nitrogen from the air combusts. usually
nitrogen doesn’t combust but car engines are really
hot. they dissolve in rainwater to form acid rain,
which corrodes structures and is harmful to plant
and aquatic life
sulphur dioxide - this forms when sulphur impurities in the fuel
combust. like nitrogen oxides, it also dissolves in
rainwater to form acid rain

84
Q

how do alkanes react with halogens

A

by swapping one hydrogen for one halogen atom

85
Q

what does an alkane reaction with a halogen look like as a diagram equation
–ethane (C2H6) and bromine (Br2)

86
Q

what are the two things about an alkane and halogen reaction you need to know

A
  • it is a substitution reaction - because the H swaps with the (Br)
  • the reaction requires UV light - because the alkane si pretty
    unreactive
87
Q

why is an alkane and halogen reaction a substitution reaction

A

because the H swaps with the halogen (Br)

88
Q

why does an alkane and halogen reaction require a UV light

A

because the alkane is pretty unreactive

89
Q

what lengths of alkanes does crude oil usually contain

A

more longer alkanes than shorter ones

90
Q

what length of alkane is more useful

91
Q

how do you get around the fact crude oil contains more long alkanes even though the short alkanes are more useful

A

take the longer alkanes and do cracking

92
Q

what does cracking do

A

breaks down longer alkanes into smaller, more useful ones

93
Q

what conditions is cracking conducted under

A

temperature - 650 degrees C
catalyst - aluminium oxide (Al2O3)
it can be conducted without a catalyst but far more energy would need to be provided

94
Q

what is the general cracking equation

A

long alkane –> shorter alkane + alkene

95
Q

what would an equation for cracking pentane (C5H12) look like

A

equation: H H H H H H H H H H
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
H—C—-C—–C—C—C—H ——-> H—C—-C–C—-H + C===C
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
H H H H H H H H H H

                     C5H12                          ---------->           C2H6                   +             C3H6
                   pentane                                                  ethane                               propene
96
Q

what are the two things that must happen for cracking to be possible

A
  • it makes an alkane and an alkene
  • the numbers of C and H atoms add up
97
Q

how do alkanes react with halogens

A

by swapping one hydrogen atom for one halogen atom

98
Q

what does ethane (C2H6) reacting with bromine (Br2) look like

A

equation: H H Br H H H
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
H—C—-C—–H + Br —–> H—–C——-C—–H + Br
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
H H H H

               C2H6              +     Br2  ----->               C2H5Br               +   HBr
99
Q

what type of reaction is an alkane with a halogen

A

substitution reaction - because the hydrogen swaps with the halogen

100
Q

what does the reaction between an alkane and halogen need

A

a UV light - because the alkane is pretty unreactive

101
Q

what are alkenes

A

hydrocarbons that fit the general formula CnH2n

102
Q

how are alkenes similar and different to alkanes

A

they work like alkanes but they have one C=C double bond

103
Q

what is the pattern of alkenes

A

-the start of the name shows how many carbon atoms it has
-the end of the name is ‘-ene’ to show it is an alkene and has the C=C double bond

104
Q

what type of series are alkenes

A

homologous

105
Q

what would the structural formula of butene look like

A

CH2=CHCH2CH3

106
Q

what is the formula of the first alkene - ethene

107
Q

what is the name of the first alkene

108
Q

what is the bonding of the first alkene - ethene

A

bonding: H H
¦ ¦
C==C
¦ ¦
H H

109
Q

what is the formula of the second alkene - propene

110
Q

what is the name of the second alkene

111
Q

what is the bonding of the second alkene - propene

A

bonding: H H H
¦ ¦ ¦
C==C—C—-H
¦ ¦
H H

112
Q

what is the formula of the third alkene - butene

113
Q

what is the name of the third alkene

114
Q

what is the bonding of the third alkene - butene

A

bonding: H H H H
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
C===C—-C—C—-H
¦ ¦ ¦
H H H

115
Q

what is the formula of the fourth alkene - pentene

116
Q

what is the name of the fourth alkene

117
Q

what is the bonding of the fourth alkene - pentene

A

bonding: H H H H H
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
C==C—C—C–C—H
¦ ¦ ¦ ¦
H H H H

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