4.5

Question 1

Napoléon Bonaparte in the Beginning

Answer 1

-he called himself the “son of the revolution” because the revolution broadened his sights and opportunities (in the military and leader of France)
o his MILITARY education, courtesy of his father’s connections, allowed him to be part of the military ranks
o he studied the PHILOSOPHES and past military leaders
o He fell in love with Josephine de Beauharnais (widowed and RICH!)

Question 2

Napoleon’s Military Career

Answer 2

o he rose quickly through the ranks, all the way up to major general
o he was able to influence people and win their support
o He commanded French soldiers in ITALY (successful) and BRITAIN (not successful)
o After being defeated by the British, he abandoned his army and went to Paris and joined a coup d’état

Question 3

Napoleon’s Military Career: Britain

Answer 3

o Instead of fighting Britain DIRECTLY, he suggested hitting Egypt and India (major source of British wealth)
o However, Britain CONTROLLED THE SEAS and Admiral Nelson defeated them at the Battle of the Nile

Question 4

Napoleon’s Military Career: Italy

Answer 4

o Successful because he defeated Austrians and dictated them into peace

Question 5

The Coup of 1799

Answer 5

o The constitution had a bicameral (two branches) legislative assembly elected INDIRECTLY to reduce the role of elections which napoleon controlled?
o The executive role was in three counsels, but the “decision of the First Consul shall suffice”
-it was a PLEBISCITE meaning everyone will vote if the thing proposed will be okay or not

Question 6

Napoléon as First Consul

Answer 6

o As first consul he had DIRECT control over the executive power
o He returned France to a monarchy and made himself the Emperor
-this was also a PLEBISCITE meaning everyone will vote if the thing proposed will be okay or not

Question 7

The effect of making himself (Napoléon) as emperor

Answer 7

o It stabilized the regime and provided a permanence not possible in the consulate (monarchy is more stable?)
o However, the government became more autocratic than before and did not fulfill the purpose of the revolution which was to limit the arbitrary government

Question 8

Napoléon and the Catholic Church: The Concordat

Answer 8

o in order to STABILIZE HIS REGIME, he realized he needed to make peace with the Church
o the church and napoleon gained things, but napoleon JUST GAINED MORE
o the concordat made the church NOT AN ENEMY
o the civil code completed the revolution’s attempt to codify them

Question 9

The church’s gains in the concordat

Answer 9

o the pope could remove French bishops
o the church could not processions and reopen seminaries
o the pope had to acknowledge the accomplishments of the revolution (don’t ask questions about the lands confiscated)

Question 10

Napoleon’s Gains in the concordat

Answer 10

o the state has the right to nominate bishops
o Catholicism is not the state religion, but the religion of a MAJORITY of French people
the clergy would be paid by the state

Question 11

The Civil Code/ Code of Napoleon

Answer 11

o some of the codes reflected ideals of the enlightenment and revolution, but some just went backwards
-he ORGANIZED THE LEGAL CODE

Question 12

The Codes Reflecting ideals of Revolution and Enlightenment

Answer 12

o preserved the equality of all citizens before law, religious toleration, abolition of serfdom and feudalism (revolution)
o property rights were protected
o it reflected the desire for a uniform legal system, legal equality, and protection of property and individuals (revolution)

Question 13

The Codes that went backwards

Answer 13

o unlike during the revolution where divorce was easy for wives and husbands, the rights of fathers were restricted, and
o divorce was hard to women to obtain
o women were now less equal than before
o the CONTROL OF FATHER’S over families was restored

Question 14

The French Bureaucracy

Answer 14

o he wanted to rationalize the bureaucracy by creating a powerful centralized administrative machine
o Instead of the assemblies (established during the revolution), PREFECTS ruled
o the tax collection system became more systematic and efficient because there were NO MORE EXCEPTIONS and taxes were collected by PROFESSIONAL collectors
o The aristocracy and promotion in offices was based on merit, therefore more were bourgeois and they were happy about it and this is what they wanted

Question 15

Prefects

Answer 15

o They are responsible for supervising all aspects of local government
o They were appointed by the first consul (napoleon)

Question 16

Napoleon’s Growing Despotism

Answer 16

o His domestic politics showed the desire for equality (law code, opening of careers for talent), however equality was lost in: creation of new aristocracy, use of conscription of military
o Liberty was replaced with despotism that was becoming more arbitrary
-censorship

Question 17

Germaine de Stael

Answer 17

o She refused to accept napoleon’s growing despotism and wrote books and set up a salon
o Was exiled to the German state and missed France

Question 18

Napoleon’s Desire for Peace with the Second Coalition

Answer 18

o Napoléon realized that he needed peace with the second coalition: Britain, Russia, and Austria
o The Peace of Amiens made this peace possible, however britain and france regarded this peace as temporary and had little intention of adhering to its terms which started THE WAR WITH THE THIRD COALITION

Question 19

Napoleon’s War with the Third Coalition

Answer 19

o Napoléon defeated the Austrian army in Germany, but then there was the BATTLE OF AUSTERLITZ
o after the battle of Austerlitz, Austria and Russia were basically defeated
o the Prussians decided to join the coalition so napoleon defeated them and also the Russians who decided to re enter
o these victories allowed him to build the Grand Empire

Question 20

Battle of Austerlitz

Answer 20

o Napoléon defeated the Austrians and Russian although they had more men
-it created a reputation for napoleon being a military genius

Question 21

The Reorganization of Germany

Answer 21

• his victories enabled him to dissolve the holy roman empire. he consolidated previously independent German states into a French-dominated confederation of the rhine
• he acted like a champion by abolishing feudalism and allowing peasants to be free from manorial duties
• this also led to the nationalism of germans and unification

Question 22

The Grand Empire

Answer 22

o There was the French Empire, dependent states, and allied states
o He wanted obedience and UNIFICATION
o He also wanted to make certain REVOLUTIONARY PRINCIPLES (legal equality, religious toleration, economic freedom) to be accepted
o He wanted to destroy the old order by having no special privileges and equality of opportunity in offices

Question 23

The Grand Empire: French Empire

Answer 23

o this was the inner core of the Grand Empire

Question 24

The Grand Empire: Allied states

Answer 24

o These were those who joined Britain

o Prussia, Austria, Russia

Question 25

Napoleon’s Problem with Great Britain: Survival of Great Britain

Answer 25

o Britain basically controlled the seas, which made them invulnerable to military attack
o As a result of the BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR, Napoléon used the Continental System to try to defeat Britain
o The Continental System did not work because the allied forces didn’t like the French’s economic predominance, they opened the doors to trade which made Britain even more powerful
-the sale of the louisiana territory

Question 26

Battle of Trafalgar

Answer 26

o The French-Spanish fleet were defeated by Britain

o As a result, Napoléon used the Continental System to try to defeat Britain

Question 27

Continental System

Answer 27

o The purpose was to weaken the British economy by preventing British goods from reaching other European states

Question 28

Napoleon’s Problem with Great Britain: The Force of nationalism

Answer 28

o This nationalism began during the Revolution when people emphasized the brotherhood and fighting TOGETHER for common cause and allowed the formation of mass armies
o Napoleon unintentional spread nationalism where they are seen as hated oppressors and arouse the patriotism of others in opposition to the French
-spain, germany (unification), and prussia had revolts
-france was an EXAMPLE for other countries to show their nationalism, get together, and fight
o Prussia reformed their old order

Question 29

Fraternite

Answer 29

o Brotherhood

Question 30

Fichte

Answer 30

o he advocated German national spiritual which was radically different from that of France

Question 31

The fall of Napoleon

Answer 31

-he replaced bourbon leaders in spain with his relatives and this made people mad, which led to guerrilla warfare and napoleon losing a bunch of men
-He invaded Russia because they didn’t follow the Continental system and wanted to teach a lesson and scare the other countries
o The Russians destroyed sources of food so the French army doesn’t have any food and they would stay in Russia longer?
o They then left Russia after seeing Moscow on fire, but because it was COLD and in the WINTER, only a few made it back
o the Grand / Quadruple alliance defeated napoleon him and led to liberation all over Europe
o he was then allowed to rule Elba, but the new French king had little support so when Napoleon came back to France, he was welcomed
o the powers that defeated him wanted to defeat him again, so they fought again at the Battle of Waterloo
o His defeat in the Battle of Waterloo caused Napoleon to be exiled to Saint Helena (the 100 days)

Question 32

Battle of Waterloo

Answer 32

o Britain (duke of wellington) and Prussian allied and fought Napoléon in Belgium and Britain and Prussia won!

Question 33

Reasons for Napoleon’s rise to power

Answer 33

france’s desire for orderly government: weary of revolutionary disorder, displeasure with the inefficient, corrupt Directory

Question 34

How Napoleon dominated Europe:

Answer 34

• ruled a france enlarged by the attachment of neighboring lands
• appointed relatives and generals to rule various territories
• controlled newly created dependencies (grand duchy of warsaw and confederation of the rhine)
• reduced to minor status his defeated enemies (prussia and austria)
• formed an alliance with Russia

Question 35

Why did England not like Napoleon:

Answer 35

• napoleon was a symbol of the excesses of the french revolution
• napoleon wanted to unite europe under his rule threatening the balance of power
• napoleon aided french tradespeople in capturing continental markets from british
• napoleon planned to restore french colonial power which they lost in the 7 years war

Question 36

Napoleon’s Accomplishments:

Answer 36

• centralization of local government (unitary government)
• furtherance of public education
• concordat of 1801
• napoleonic code / civil code
• creation of legion of honor
• improvement of finances: bank of france
• public works: buildings and beautification