4.1 part 1

Question 1

Individual states background

Answer 1

balance of power, diplomacy of 18th century, reason of state, bureaucracy and armies

Question 2

Balance of Power

Answer 2

• states made relations with others states so that it it will counterbalance the power of a rising city state
• balance of power was not for peace
• states only want to extend by using army and sometimes diplomacy

Question 3

Diplomacy of the 18th century

Answer 3

• was based on interests of ruling person

- but! there was also reason of state

Question 4

Reason of State

Answer 4

-the ruler and a minister looked beyond dynastic interests to long term future of their states

Question 5

Bureaucracy and Armies

Answer 5

• because people want armies and stuff in 17th century, they need efficient control of power of bureaucrats so they could raise money to build armies
• with armies rising, disputes was resolved through conflicts instead of diplomacy

Question 6

The War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

Answer 6

• Charles V made the Pragmatic Sanction
• Frederick II ignored the pragmatic sanction and took advantage of maria theresa and took Austrian Silesia
• then france came into the war and supported frederick
• maria theresa made an alliance with great britain which feared french control over continental affairs
• american colonists capture louisbourg from french in canada
• french seized madras from british in india
• peace of Aix-la-Chapelle

Question 7

Pragmatic Sanction

Answer 7

different european powers agreed to recognize Maria Teresa as his legal heir

Question 8

Peace of Aix-la-chapelle

Answer 8

• war of austrian succession

- promised the return of all occupied territories (louisbourg and madras) except Silesia to their original owners

Question 9

Diplomatic Revolution(1756-1763)

Answer 9

• maria theresa and count wenzel von kaunitz (foreign minister) wanted to separate prussia from france
• one side was: France (went from prussia to austrian side), Russia, Austria (marie antoinette marries louis XVI)
• another side was: British, Prussia (Frederick )

Question 10

Seven Years War: Europe

Answer 10

• after frederick defeated some people, then got defeated but then tsarina elizabeth died and peter II came to power who greatly admired frederick
• peter withdrew armies from war and led to desire for peace
• peace of hubertusburg

Question 11

Peace of Hubertusburg

Answer 11

• occupied territories were returned
• austria recognized pruissa’s control of silesia
• seven years war: europe

Question 12

Great War of Empire/ Seven Years War in India

Answer 12

• french and british supported opposing native indian princes
• robert clive helped british win because they were persistent and fought bengals
• Treaty of Paris

Question 13

French and Indian War/ Seven Years War in North America

Answer 13

• french were winning at first because they made settlements and found allies among indians
• william pitt the elder wanted to crush the french colonial empire so the british could create their own, he gave them A LOT resources like the navy instead to the war in europe
• french had a lot of guys, but their ability to use them depended on naval support
• because french defeated in naval battles, they couldn’t easily bring more resources
• then british got a bunch of places (louisburg, duquesne, montreal, great lakes area)
• treaty of paris

Question 14

Treaty of Paris

Answer 14

• britain got canada, land between appalachian mountains and mississippi river
• french and indian war, great war of empire / seven years war in india

Question 15

Armies during the 18th century

Answer 15

• the armies and navies grew and were standing armies
• showed the hierarchical structure of european society and the separation between upper and lower class
• officers were from landed aristocracy
• rank-and-file soldiers were from the lower class and originally peasants, but then they used foreign troops

Question 16

Comparing of International Armies

Answer 16

• british had no standing army and depended on mercenaries
• other countries had lower class natives enlist
• britain and dutch republic through the navy was more important than armies

Question 17

Religious Warfare in 16th and 17th century

Answer 17

-violent and destructive

Question 18

Warfare in 18th century

Answer 18

• not driven by ideology
• less destructive
• realized that they shouldn’t destroy civilizations who can provide them money for their large armies and navies
• the cost and technology? caused people to have limited objectives because of their large armies
• relied on clever maneuvers instead of just ruining everything
• the rules of war says the defeated people can leave without being captured and destroyed
• the idea of siege warfare changed because of the idea above

Question 19

Growth of Population in 18th century

Answer 19

• the second half of 18th century was double that of the first half
• individual states had a rapid growth in population

Question 20

Cause of growth of population

Answer 20

• more food from agricultural revolution
• advances in transportation reduce impact of local crop failures
• 18th century wars were not as destructive as 17th century,
• new crops came from america, potato
• end of bubonic plague, but there were still diseases because of bad conditions

Question 21

Family in the 18th century

Answer 21

• it was seen as particharical institution

- the parents selected marriage partners based on interest of family

Question 22

Infanticide

Answer 22

• abandoning children at foundling homes
• because children caused more people to be fed and health risk to moms, they restored to infanticide
• solution to having too many children

Question 23

Primogeniture

Answer 23

favoring the eldest son

Question 24

Dealing with unwanted kids in second half of 18th century

Answer 24

• infanticide
• people left their unwanted children at foundling homes
• suffocated their kids in their beds

Question 25

Effects of putting kids in foundling homes

Answer 25

• more kids at foundling homes caused overcrowding
• mortality go up
• children sent to awful jobs if survived in foundling homes

Question 26

Child Care in first half of 18th century

Answer 26

• traditional attitudes thrived

- lower class women were wet nurses for upper class

Question 27

child care in second half of 18th century

Answer 27

• they dressed kids in comfortable clothes instead of adult styles
• primogeniture was attacked
• women breastfed their own children
• games and toys for children appeared to teach and please them
• these changes only where to upper class
• enlightenment thought and more children surviving changed the view of children

Question 28

Marriage in the 18th century

Answer 28

• they married late

- couples create households independent from their parents instead of living with parents

Question 29

Birthrate

Answer 29

• because of late marriage create limits on birthrate
• in the second half of 18th century, more illegitimate children born unlike the first half. the rise in illegitimate children born offset the limitations on birthrate
• then average is 5 births per family would seen to create a bigger population, but then not a lot of women were married
• when wealthy people married younger, they had less children than those who married later because they used birth control

Question 30

Family economy

Answer 30

• depended on children and women

- was unstable because bad harvest or turning of employment led to poverty and begging

Question 31

Increased Life expectancy

Answer 31

-because of new foods and improved sanitation and beginning to study the immunology (study of immune system), the death rates decreased and lifespan increased