4.1 part 1 Flashcards
Individual states background
balance of power, diplomacy of 18th century, reason of state, bureaucracy and armies
Balance of Power
- states made relations with others states so that it it will counterbalance the power of a rising city state
- balance of power was not for peace
- states only want to extend by using army and sometimes diplomacy
Diplomacy of the 18th century
- was based on interests of ruling person
- but! there was also reason of state
Reason of State
-the ruler and a minister looked beyond dynastic interests to long term future of their states
Bureaucracy and Armies
- because people want armies and stuff in 17th century, they need efficient control of power of bureaucrats so they could raise money to build armies
- with armies rising, disputes was resolved through conflicts instead of diplomacy
The War of Austrian Succession (1740-1748)
- Charles V made the Pragmatic Sanction
- Frederick II ignored the pragmatic sanction and took advantage of maria theresa and took Austrian Silesia
- then france came into the war and supported frederick
- maria theresa made an alliance with great britain which feared french control over continental affairs
- american colonists capture louisbourg from french in canada
- french seized madras from british in india
- peace of Aix-la-Chapelle
Pragmatic Sanction
different european powers agreed to recognize Maria Teresa as his legal heir
Peace of Aix-la-chapelle
- war of austrian succession
- promised the return of all occupied territories (louisbourg and madras) except Silesia to their original owners
Diplomatic Revolution(1756-1763)
- maria theresa and count wenzel von kaunitz (foreign minister) wanted to separate prussia from france
- one side was: France (went from prussia to austrian side), Russia, Austria (marie antoinette marries louis XVI)
- another side was: British, Prussia (Frederick )
Seven Years War: Europe
- after frederick defeated some people, then got defeated but then tsarina elizabeth died and peter II came to power who greatly admired frederick
- peter withdrew armies from war and led to desire for peace
- peace of hubertusburg
Peace of Hubertusburg
- occupied territories were returned
- austria recognized pruissa’s control of silesia
- seven years war: europe
Great War of Empire/ Seven Years War in India
- french and british supported opposing native indian princes
- robert clive helped british win because they were persistent and fought bengals
- Treaty of Paris
French and Indian War/ Seven Years War in North America
- french were winning at first because they made settlements and found allies among indians
- william pitt the elder wanted to crush the french colonial empire so the british could create their own, he gave them A LOT resources like the navy instead to the war in europe
- french had a lot of guys, but their ability to use them depended on naval support
- because french defeated in naval battles, they couldn’t easily bring more resources
- then british got a bunch of places (louisburg, duquesne, montreal, great lakes area)
- treaty of paris
Treaty of Paris
- britain got canada, land between appalachian mountains and mississippi river
- french and indian war, great war of empire / seven years war in india
Armies during the 18th century
- the armies and navies grew and were standing armies
- showed the hierarchical structure of european society and the separation between upper and lower class
- officers were from landed aristocracy
- rank-and-file soldiers were from the lower class and originally peasants, but then they used foreign troops
Comparing of International Armies
- british had no standing army and depended on mercenaries
- other countries had lower class natives enlist
- britain and dutch republic through the navy was more important than armies
Religious Warfare in 16th and 17th century
-violent and destructive
Warfare in 18th century
- not driven by ideology
- less destructive
- realized that they shouldn’t destroy civilizations who can provide them money for their large armies and navies
- the cost and technology? caused people to have limited objectives because of their large armies
- relied on clever maneuvers instead of just ruining everything
- the rules of war says the defeated people can leave without being captured and destroyed
- the idea of siege warfare changed because of the idea above
Growth of Population in 18th century
- the second half of 18th century was double that of the first half
- individual states had a rapid growth in population
Cause of growth of population
- more food from agricultural revolution
- advances in transportation reduce impact of local crop failures
- 18th century wars were not as destructive as 17th century,
- new crops came from america, potato
- end of bubonic plague, but there were still diseases because of bad conditions
Family in the 18th century
- it was seen as particharical institution
- the parents selected marriage partners based on interest of family
Infanticide
- abandoning children at foundling homes
- because children caused more people to be fed and health risk to moms, they restored to infanticide
- solution to having too many children
Primogeniture
favoring the eldest son
Dealing with unwanted kids in second half of 18th century
- infanticide
- people left their unwanted children at foundling homes
- suffocated their kids in their beds
Effects of putting kids in foundling homes
- more kids at foundling homes caused overcrowding
- mortality go up
- children sent to awful jobs if survived in foundling homes
Child Care in first half of 18th century
- traditional attitudes thrived
- lower class women were wet nurses for upper class
child care in second half of 18th century
- they dressed kids in comfortable clothes instead of adult styles
- primogeniture was attacked
- women breastfed their own children
- games and toys for children appeared to teach and please them
- these changes only where to upper class
- enlightenment thought and more children surviving changed the view of children
Marriage in the 18th century
- they married late
- couples create households independent from their parents instead of living with parents
Birthrate
- because of late marriage create limits on birthrate
- in the second half of 18th century, more illegitimate children born unlike the first half. the rise in illegitimate children born offset the limitations on birthrate
- then average is 5 births per family would seen to create a bigger population, but then not a lot of women were married
- when wealthy people married younger, they had less children than those who married later because they used birth control
Family economy
- depended on children and women
- was unstable because bad harvest or turning of employment led to poverty and begging
Increased Life expectancy
-because of new foods and improved sanitation and beginning to study the immunology (study of immune system), the death rates decreased and lifespan increased
