Clinical anatomy of the heart (A6)

Question 1

relationship between location of phrenic nerve and heart

Answer 1

descends over the sides of the heart down towards the diaphragm

Question 2

pericardium

Answer 2

fibrous layer surrounding pericardial sac

Question 3

epicardium

Answer 3

invisible layer surrounding the heart that secretes pericardial fluid

Question 4

pericardial sac

Answer 4

(similar to pleural cavity) between pericardium and epicardium and contains pericardial fluid

Question 5

what does the pulmonary trunk divide into

Answer 5

right and left pulmonary arteries (one for each lung) carrying blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation

Question 6

difference between arteries and veins

Answer 6

arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood to the heart

Question 7

surfaces of the heart

Answer 7

anterior, posterior (base/oppesite apex on posterior surface of heart) and inferior (diaphragmatic) surfaces as well as an apex

Question 8

structures coming out top of heart when viewing anteriorly

Answer 8

superior vena cava, aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 9

myocardial infarction definition

Answer 9

heart attack/ irreversible death (necrosis) of part of the heart muscle (myocardium) due to a blockage of its arterial blood supply

Question 10

myocardium

Answer 10

heart muscle

Question 11

necrosis

Answer 11

death

Question 12

what are the diff types of myocardial infarctions

Answer 12

the type of MI is often described clinically according to which surface of the heart has been affected ie. anterior MI or inferior MI etc

Question 13

coronary arteries

Answer 13

arterial blood supply to myocardium (heart muscle), there is a right and left coronary artery and both branch off of the ascending aorta (just after the aorta arteries there are two entrance points to the coronary arteries)

Question 14

venous drainage of myocardium

Answer 14

the coronary sinus on the inferior surface of the heart drains its small vein branches into the right atrium

Question 15

function of right side of the heart

Answer 15

pumps venous blood

Question 16

function of the left side of the heart

Answer 16

pumps arterial blood

Question 17

heart septum

Answer 17

internal wall that separates the left and right side of the heart

Question 18

chambers of the heart

Answer 18

(right and left) atrium and ventricle

Question 19

route blood takes through the heart

Answer 19

venous/deoxygenated blood from the lungs enters the heart via the superior and inferior vena cava and enters the right atrium then right ventricle before being passed out of the heart to head towards the lungs to be oxygenated via the pulmonary trunk and arteries. Blood then re enters the heart via the pulmonary veins into the left atrium then left ventricle before exiting the heart as arterial (oxygenated) blood via the aorta to be pumped to the body for metabolism

Question 20

right border of the heart

Answer 20

formed by the right atrium and auricle, sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes and the entrance to coronary sinus are contained within

Question 21

anterior surface of the heart

Answer 21

formed mainly from the right ventricle

Question 22

papillary muscles

Answer 22

muscles of the heart (located in the ventricles of the heart. They attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves via the chordae tendineae and contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves on systole (or ventricular contraction))

Question 23

interventricular septum

Answer 23

division between left and right ventricles

Question 24

chorda tendinae

Answer 24

or heart strings, are cord-like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve in the heart

Question 25

tricuspid valve

Answer 25

atrioventricular valve, ensures unidirectional flow of blood from right atrium to right ventricle

Question 26

pulmonary valve

Answer 26

semilunar valve of the heart that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

Question 27

base of heart

Answer 27

formed mostly from left atrium (posterior surface of the heart)

Question 28

pulmonary veins

Answer 28

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium (2 per lung)

Question 29

left ventricle forms what borders

Answer 29

left border and most of the inferior (diaphragmatic) surface of the heart

Question 30

bicuspid valve

Answer 30

/mitral valve, ensures unidirectional flow of blood from left atrium to left ventrical

Question 31

simplified route through valves and chambers of heart

Answer 31

SCV and IVC, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta

Question 32

conducting system of the heart components

Answer 32

sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle (of His), right and left bundle branches (within the interventricular septum), purkinje fibres (within the walls of the ventricles)

Question 33

pacemaker of the heart

Answer 33

sinoatrial node

Question 34

importance of atrioventricular node

Answer 34

can take over as pacemaker if sinoatrial node fails (in sinoatrial node pathology)

Question 35

conducting system of the heart

Answer 35

controls spread of ‘electrical’ excitation over myocardium enabling coordinated beating of the chambers

Question 36

1st heart sound

Answer 36

‘LUB’ due to closure of tricuspid and mitral (bicuspid) valves

Question 37

2nd heart sound

Answer 37

‘DUB’ due to closure of pulmonary and aortic valves