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BIOLOGY GCSE > 4.3.1 Communicable Diseases > Flashcards

4.3.1 Communicable Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

Divine the term pathogen

A

A pathogen is a microorganism capable of causing disease

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2
Q

Four types of pathogens

A

Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi
Protists

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3
Q

2 ways pathogens can cause disease

A

Damaging cells - viruses ‘live’ and reproduce inside the cells, damaging and destroying them. Bacteria can also directly damage cells

Producing toxins - bacteria produce toxins (poisons) that affect your body and make you feel ill

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4
Q

Bacteria and viruses reproduce rapidly inside the body
How do bacteria multiply

A

They multiple by process of simple cell division called binary fission.
Usually divide once every 20 minutes

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5
Q

If a bacterial cell can divide once every 20 minutes, how many bacteria will be there after 6 hours

A

6 hours = 20 mins x 18
18 times
2^18 = 262144 times

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6
Q

Describe the growth of bacteria grown in a culture solution containing all the nutrients the bacteria need over a period of 8 hours

A

(Setting phase—bacteria getting used to new environment so there is no binary fission)

Bacteria divide rapidly by binary fission
Numbers increases at an increasing rate
Plenty of nutrients, not too much waste

Then the number of cells level out
Nutrients run out
Waste product builds up—CO2 and ethanol (if anaerobic)

Then bacteria will begin to die

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7
Q

RP2 - investigating the effect of antiseptics on the growth of bacteria

Equipment:

A

A nutrients agar plate
A heatproof mat
Filter paper discs
Three antiseptics—e.g. mouthwash, TCP, antiseptic cream
Disinfectant bench spray
Forceps
Clear tape
Hand wash
Chinagraph pencil
Access to an incubator (set to 25 degrees Celsius)

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8
Q

RP2 - investigating the effect of antiseptics on the growth of bacteria

Method:

A
  1. Spray bench with disinfectant spray. Then wipe down with paper towels
  2. Mark the underneath of a nutrient agar plate (NOT THE LID) with the chinagraph pencil into the 3 equal sections and label them on the edge of the plate with the 3 different antiseptics that you will use. Also mark a dot in the middle of each section. Around the edge write your initials, date and the name of the bacteria (E. coli)
  3. Wash your hands with the antibacterial hand wash
  4. Flame the neck of the bottle of antiseptic
    Flame the inoculating loop/forceps
    Use the forceps to pick up the filter paper discs and soak in the disinfectant
  5. Carefully lift the lid of the agar plate at an angle DONT OPEN FULLY
  6. Use forceps to care fully put each disc onto one of the dots marked previously
  7. Secure the lid of the agar plate in place using 2 small pieces of clear tape. Do not seal lid fully because this creates anaerobic conditions, which will prevent the E. coli from growing.
  8. Incubate the plate at 25 Celsius for at least 48 hours
  9. Measure the diameter of the clear zone around each disc by place the ruler across the centre of the disc. Measure again at 90 degrees to the first measurement so that the mean diameter can be calculated
  10. Record results in a table
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9
Q

Pathogen type of measles

A

Virus

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10
Q

Pathogen type of HIV

A

VIRUS

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11
Q

Pathogen type of malaria

A

Protist

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12
Q

Pathogen type of salmonella

A

Bacteria

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13
Q

Pathogen type of gonorrhoea

A

Bacteria

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14
Q

Pathogen type of Rose Black Spot

A

Fungus

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15
Q

Pathogen type of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)

A

Virus

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16
Q

Method of spread of Measles

A

Inhalation of droplets from coughs and sneezes

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17
Q

Method of spread of HIV

A

Sexual contract or exchange of body fluids, e.g. by sharing drug needles

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18
Q

Method of spread of malaria

A

Mosquito acts s a vector when feeding on blood

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19
Q

Method of spread of salmonella

A

Eating contaminated food

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20
Q

Method of spread of gonorrhoea

A

Sexual contract

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21
Q

Method of spread of rose black spot

A

Spread to plants by water and wind

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22
Q

Method of spread of tobacco mosaic virus

A

Direct contact between plants or on farmers’ hands

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23
Q

Symptoms of measles

A

Fever
Skin rash
Spots in mouths

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24
Q

Symptoms of HIV

A

Flu like symptoms initially
Immune system damaged so it cannot deal with infections/cancers
Lead to AIDS

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25
Q

Symptoms of malaria

A

Recurrent episodes of fever

26
Q

Symptoms of salmonella

A

Stomach cramps
Diarrhoea and vomiting
Fever

27
Q

Symptoms of gonorrhoea

A

Thick yellow/green discharge from penis/vagina
Pain on urinating

28
Q

Symptoms of rose black spot

A

Purple or black spots on leaves
Leaves then turn yellow and drop early
Slower growth

29
Q

Symptoms of TMV

A

Yellow ‘mosaic’ pattern on leaves due to lack of chlorophyll
Slower growth

30
Q

Treatment/control for measles

A

Vaccination for PREVENTION
Painkillers for SYMPTOMS

31
Q

Treatment/control for HIV

A

Antiretroviral medication to prevent AIDS development

PrEP (medicine) for prevention

32
Q

Treatment/control for malaria

A

Prevent mosquitos breeding
Mosquito nets
Antimalarial drugs

33
Q

Treatment/control for salmonella

A

Vaccinated poultry
Wash hands with soup before preparing food and after using the toilet
Cook food thoroughly

34
Q

Treatment/control for gonorrhoea

A

Barrier contraception (condoms)
Antibiotics, but many species are resistant to penicillin

35
Q

Treatment/control for rose black spot

A

Remove and burn infected leaves
Use fungicide sprays

36
Q

Treatment/control for TMV

A

Disinfect tools and hands when handling plants
Burn infected leaves

37
Q

What causes the symptoms of salmonella—vomiting and diarrhoea?

A

Toxins

38
Q

Body defences where??

A

Lining of nose and trachea
Eyes
Stomach
Skin
Scabs
WBCs

39
Q

Body’s defences: lining of nose and trachea

A

Secrete mucus to trap bacteria
Cilia waft the mucus up and OUT of the lungs

40
Q

Body’s defences: eyes

A

Tears contain enzymes which kill pathogens

41
Q

Body’s defences: stomach

A

Contains HCl (pH 1-2)
Kills pathogens

42
Q

Body’s defences: skin

A

Dead layer of cells which forms a protective barrier to stop pathogens entering
Produces sebum which is antiseptic so kills pathogens

43
Q

Body’s defences: white blood cells

A

Make antibodies
Engulf pathogens
Make antitoxins

44
Q

How do general WBCs kill pathogens

A

WBCs release antitoxins which bind to the toxins released by the pathogens. This neutralises them

45
Q

How do phagocytes kill pathogens

A

Phagocytes engulf and ingest pathogens by using their digestive enzymes

46
Q

How do lymphocytes kill pathogens

A

Lymphocyte makes and releases specific antibodies (?)
They are complementary to the antigens on the pathogen
They bind to the antigens and kill the pathogen

47
Q

What is the primary response

A

When you have been exposed to a particular pathogen you will have produced antibodies specific to that pathogen. Some of the lymphocytes that produced these antibodies stay in the circulatory system—memory cells

48
Q

Secondary response

A

If you are exposed to the same pathogen again, the lymphocytes can quickly produce the specific antibodies again in very large numbers so that the pathogen is destroyed.
Happens so quickly that the pathogen does not have the chance to reproduce and start to release toxins
The infected individual does not suffer from any symptoms—they are immune to the pathogen/disease
Secondary response
___. Slower to decrease
/. _
/. \
/
1 response /
. /
/ \ /
_____/. \_________/

49
Q

Types of immunity

A

Active immunity—primary+secondary responses

Passive immunity—receive antibodies from someone else who has already had the infection:
Breast feeding—baby has short term protection from some infections
Via the placenta during pregnancy, e.g. whooping cough
Injection of another person’s antibodies, e.g. COVID, anti-venom

50
Q

Which diseases do we currently have successful vaccination programs for

A

Malaria
Yellow fever
Meningitis
Hepatitis
Tetanus
Polio
Rubella
Measles
Mumps
HPV

51
Q

Which part of the pathogen must be included in the vaccination if it is going to stimulate an immune response response

A

The antigen

52
Q

How does vaccination provides immunity against disease

A
  1. Vaccination—Dead/weakened pathogen is injected into the body
  2. Primary response—WBCs produce specific antibodies against the antigen delay (slowly)
  3. Secondary response—‘real’ pathogen enters, WBCs produce MORE antibodies MORE rapidly, kill pathogen
  4. Immunity—pathogen doesn’t reproduce, no symptoms of the disease! :)
53
Q

Groups of people who are not ale to be vaccinated

A

People on immuno-suppressants
Newborn babies
Elderly
People with HIV
Cancer patients
Vaccines don’t work on some people (rare)

54
Q

Why might some people choose not to be vaccinated

A

They think they’re protected by herd immunity
Close
Adverse effects
Propaganda
Religious reasons

55
Q

Herd immunity

A

By vaccinating a large proportion of the population, the spread of disease is also reduced this is because there are fewer individuals within the population who can become infected and spread the disease

No one is vaccinated—pathogen spreads through the population
Some of the population is vaccinated—pathogen spreads through some of the population
Most of the population is vaccinated—spread of the pathogen is contained

56
Q

Painkillers vs antibiotics

A

Painkillers help relieve the symptoms of an infection but don’t kill the pathogen that is causing it
Antibiotics kill the pathogen that is causing the disease

57
Q

How do antibiotics work

A

Penicillin works by killing bacteria inside the body
Not all antibiotics wok on all bacteria, therefore it is important that the correct antibiotic is used to treat a specific infection
The use of antibiotics has greatly reduced deaths from infectious bacterial dieseases

58
Q

Bactericidal antibiotics vs bacteriostatic antibiotics

A

Bactericidal antibiotics kill bacteria
Bacteriostatic antibiotics keep them from reproducing

59
Q

Problems with using antibiotics

A

Cannot kill viruses—do not work on viral infections
Overuse means that strains of bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics

60
Q

A good medicine must be:

A

Effective—must prevent/cure disease OR relieve symptoms (efficacy)
Safe—it must not be too toxic or have unbearable side effects
Stable—can be stored for some time
Dose controlled

61
Q

Stages of drug development

A
  1. Drug discovery—computer simulations; identity chemicals which could potentially act as drugs
  2. Pre-clinical—tested on cells, tissues and organs; test for toxicity
  3. Preclinical—tested on animals; find out how it works in a living organism
  4. Clinical Phase 1— healthy volunteers; look for side effects
  5. Clinical Phase 2—small group of patients; test if it works (test the efficacy)
  6. Clinical Phase 3—large group of patients; establish the optimum dose
  7. Ongoing Phase 4—monitored after license granted; monitor for rare side effects or long term effects
    Peer reviewed throughout

BIOLOGY GCSE (12 decks)

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