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BIOLOGY GCSE > 4.2.2 Circulation > Flashcards

4.2.2 Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

Why cannot large multicellular organisms rely on diffusion alone for gas exchange

A

Have a small SA:V
Diffusion distance between surface and most of the cells is too great

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2
Q

Ventilation

A

The movement of air in and out of the lungs
Using the movements of:
Rib muscles (intercostals)
Diaphragm

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3
Q

Table of action during inhalation and exhalation:
Intercostal muscles
Rbcage
Diaphragm
Volume of thorax
Pressure in thorax
Pressure in thorax
Air moves

A

Inhale:
Contract
Up and out
Down (contracts)
Increases
Decreases
Air—in

Exhale:
Relax
Down and in
Up, relaxes
Decreases
Increases
Air is drawn out

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4
Q

Gas exchange

A

Inhale: oxygen rich air into lungs—maintains steep conc grad between air in the alveoli and blood—O2 continuously diffuses into bloodstream

Exhale: CO2 rich air out of lungs—maintains steep conc grad between blood and air in the alveoli so CO2 continuously diffuses OUT of bloodstream into air in lungs

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5
Q

Double circulatory system

A

Pulmonary circulation carries blood from heart to lungs and back again—allows O2 and CO2 to be exchanged with the air in the lungs

Somatic/systemic circulation carries blood to respiring cells in all organs of your body and back again to the heart

Better than single circulation:
Faster (high pressure) delivery of oxygenated blood
More O2 for higher rate of respiration

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6
Q

Structure of heart

A

Vena cava deoxygenated blood from body—>right atrium—>right ventricle—>pulmonary artery deoxygenated blood to lungs

Pulmonary vein brings oxygenated blood from lungs—>left atrium—>left ventricle—>aorta beings oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

Right Left

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7
Q

Why is being born with a hole in the septum a problem

A

Oxygenated blood is mixed with deoxygenated blood from the RV
Less oxygen is delivered by the blood to the baby’s respiring cells—>cannot contract muscles effectively

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8
Q

Disadvantages of having an artificial pacemaker

A

Battery needs to be charged—minor operation—risk of anaesthetic and risk of infection
Chance of defected pacemaker—too fast/slow/could malfunction
Does not increase heart rate during exercise

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9
Q

Arteries, veins, capillaries

A

Arteries carry oxygenated blood
Veins carry deoxygenated blood
Capillaries connect them
Oxygen diffuses into body cells from the capillaries

Pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein are upside down

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10
Q

Artery structure

A

Thick muscular wall
Thick elastic wall
Smaller lumen (compared to vein)

Usually looking pretty circular in diagrams

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11
Q

Artery function

A

To carry blood at HIGH pressure, away from the heart and to the tissues and organs of the body

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12
Q

Vein structure

A

ThinNER wall
LargER lumen
Valves to PREVENT BACKFLOW

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13
Q

Vein function

A

Carry blood at LOW pressure from the tissues and organs of the body back to the heart

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14
Q

Capillary structure

A

Wall only 1 cell thick
Pores to allow exchange of substances by diffusion

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15
Q

Capillary function

A

Site of exchange of substances—O2, glucose, etc—at cells and and tissues

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16
Q

Substances carried by plasma in blood

A

Glucose—enters small intestine to respiring cells
CO2–enters respiring cells to lungs

17
Q

Platelets

A

If skin is cut, exposure to air stimulates platelets and damaged tissue to produce chemical
Chemical causes the soluble protein FIBRINOGEN to change into insoluble protein fibres called FIBRN
Fibrin forms a network of fibres across a wound trapping RBCs—forms a clot—then a scab, protects the damaged tissue while new skin grows underneath

Fibrinogen—> fibrin
Clot
Mesh traps RBCs

18
Q

CHD (circulation topic)

A

Blood reaches the cardiac muscle cells via the coronary artery
The lumen of the coronary arteries may become narrowed by a build up of fatty substances—including cholesterol on their walls
Called plaque, or atheroma

19
Q

Why could blockage in the coronary artery cause heart to die

A

Blockage reduces blood flow
Less oxygen and glucose to heart cells/tissue
Cannot respire s cells die

20
Q

Risk factors for CHD

A

Lack of exercise
High cholesterol diet
Smoking
Chronic stress
Older age

21
Q

Treatment of CHD: statins

A

Drugs which slow the development of CHD
Reduces blood cholesterol levels—slows the rate at which fatty material is deposited in coronary arteries—reduces risk of heart attack
Tablets taken once a day
Treatment continues for life—stopping medication causes cholesterol levels rise in a few weeks

22
Q

Treatment of CHD: surgery

A

Stent:
Small mesh tube
Supports artery’s inner wall
Reduces the chance that the artery will become narrow/blocked

Heart bypass:
Complex nad expensive procedure
Replaces affected coronary arteries with sections of vein from other parts of the body

23
Q

Treatment of faulty heart valves

A

Some valves don’t close properly—causes backflow

Replacement valves:
Biological valves—usually from humans or pigs, last 12-15 years, immuno-suppressants are needed
Mechanical valves—made out of a synthetic material/metals such as titanium, increased risk of blood clotting - need anti-coagulants, last for a long time

24
Q

Heart transplant

A

If patient has severe heart failure and medical treatments are not helping
Donor and patient—same tissue type to reduce risk of rejection—could wait a very long time for a suitable donor
Surgery under general anaesthetic
A heart-lung bypass machine will be used to keep oxygen rich blood circulating the body

25
Q

Artificial heart transplant

A

Rare
Temporarily replace the heart
Expensive
Cause blood clots

26
Q

Why does a transplant need to be carried out soon after a donor heart is identified

A

Heart tissue will start to decay very quickly—bacteria
It will not be respiring—more difficult to re-start beating

27
Q

Main risks associated with heart transplants

A

Infection
Anaesthetic
Rejection

28
Q

Why do patients have to wait a long time for a heart ransplant

A

Hard to find a close tissue match otherwise will be rejected
Shortage of donors
Many people waiting for transplants

BIOLOGY GCSE (12 decks)

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