4.2.2.5 - 4.2.2.7 Health Flashcards
4 main components of blood + function
Red blood cell - carries O2 bound to haemoglobin
Platelets - blood clots (fibrinogen->fibrin)
White blood cell - kills pathogens—microorganisms that cause disease
Plasma - carries and dissolves substances
What is health
The absence of disease—a state of physical and mental wellbeing
Associated with healthy person
Exercise regularly
Good diet, vitamins
Hydrated
Enough sleep
Happy
Associated with unhealthy people
Obesity/underweight
Smoking
Alcohol
Unbalanced diet—high cholesterol, high sugar, high salt
Depression
Addiction
Chronic health conditions—arthritis, cancers
Lack of exercise
Sleep deprivation
VIRUSES can trigger changes in cells that can lead to cancer
HPV - human papilloma virus
Causes genital warts
Also causes changes in DNA sequence, leading to cervical cancer
Defects in immune system example
HIV human immunodeficiency virus
Infest white blood cells
Makes it more difficult to kill pathogens
More likely to get very ill from infectious diseases
Non-communicable diseases definition
Diseases that are not infections and not caused by pathogens
Non communicable diseases examples
Cancers
Dementia
Arthritis
CHD
Diabetes
Asthma (and other lung diseases—COPD)
Epilepsy
Risk factors for non communicable diseases
Poor diet—high cholesterol
Lack of exercise
Smoking
Alcohol
Obesity
Carcinogens
Risk factor: poor diet—high cholesterol
Disease/health issue?
Type 2 diabetes
CHD/CVD
Risk factor: lack of exercise
Disease/health issue?
CHD/CVD
Type 2 diabetes
Obesity
Risk factor: smoking
Disease/health issue
Lung cancer/disease/COPD
CHD/CVD
Mouth cancer—any cancer tbh
Risk factor: alcohol abuse/alcoholism
ISSUE?
Liver cirrhosis
Cancer
Risk factor: obesity
Health issue?
Type 2 diabetes
CHD/CVD
Cancer
Risk factor: carcinogens
Disease/health issue?
Cancer
Connection between risk factor and disease
Correlation: there is a link between a risk factor and an increased likelihood of developing a disease, e.g. lack of physical exercise incr the likelihood of developing CHD, but doesn’t necessarily cause CHD
Causal link: the risk fact directly causes the disease. Causal link between smoking and lung cancer—tobacco contains carcinogens that lead to cancer
EXAM QU: explain what a non communicable disease is (2)
- Diseases that are not infectious, resulted by genes, lifestyle and environmental factors
- Not passes from person to person
EXAM QU: explain the FINANCIAL IMPACT on the UK economy of an increasing number of people who are obese (2)
- more of the country’s money needs to go into healthcare which causes a financial strain
- more people need more time off work
- need to pay for additional surgery
- government have other give financial support
EXAM QU: suggest how arthritis could affect a person’s lifestyle 1 mark
Movement issues
How is cancer caused
When changes occur in the DNA of cells that result in UNCONTROLLED CELL DIVISION. This can lead to tumours forming, however not all tumours are cancerous
Type of tumour, cells, location, spread
Benign, abnormal cells, contained within a single area usually bound by a membrane, do not invade or spread to other parts of the body
Malignant, cancerous, invade neighbouring tissues, spread to other parts of the body via the blood stream—secondary tumours
Risk factors for cancers
Genetics—breast cancer
Radioactivity—many cancers
Smoking—mouth, lung cancer
UV rays—skin cancers
Obesity—many cancers
