4.2.2.5 - 4.2.2.7 Health

Question 1

4 main components of blood + function

Answer 1

Red blood cell - carries O2 bound to haemoglobin
Platelets - blood clots (fibrinogen->fibrin)
White blood cell - kills pathogens—microorganisms that cause disease
Plasma - carries and dissolves substances

Question 2

What is health

Answer 2

The absence of disease—a state of physical and mental wellbeing

Question 3

Associated with healthy person

Answer 3

Exercise regularly
Good diet, vitamins
Hydrated
Enough sleep
Happy

Question 4

Associated with unhealthy people

Answer 4

Obesity/underweight
Smoking
Alcohol
Unbalanced diet—high cholesterol, high sugar, high salt
Depression
Addiction
Chronic health conditions—arthritis, cancers
Lack of exercise
Sleep deprivation

Question 5

VIRUSES can trigger changes in cells that can lead to cancer

Answer 5

HPV - human papilloma virus
Causes genital warts
Also causes changes in DNA sequence, leading to cervical cancer

Question 6

Defects in immune system example

Answer 6

HIV human immunodeficiency virus
Infest white blood cells
Makes it more difficult to kill pathogens
More likely to get very ill from infectious diseases

Question 7

Non-communicable diseases definition

Answer 7

Diseases that are not infections and not caused by pathogens

Question 8

Non communicable diseases examples

Answer 8

Cancers
Dementia
Arthritis
CHD
Diabetes
Asthma (and other lung diseases—COPD)
Epilepsy

Question 9

Risk factors for non communicable diseases

Answer 9

Poor diet—high cholesterol
Lack of exercise
Smoking
Alcohol
Obesity
Carcinogens

Question 10

Risk factor: poor diet—high cholesterol
Disease/health issue?

Answer 10

Type 2 diabetes
CHD/CVD

Question 11

Risk factor: lack of exercise
Disease/health issue?

Answer 11

CHD/CVD
Type 2 diabetes
Obesity

Question 12

Risk factor: smoking
Disease/health issue

Answer 12

Lung cancer/disease/COPD
CHD/CVD
Mouth cancer—any cancer tbh

Question 13

Risk factor: alcohol abuse/alcoholism
ISSUE?

Answer 13

Liver cirrhosis
Cancer

Question 14

Risk factor: obesity
Health issue?

Answer 14

Type 2 diabetes
CHD/CVD
Cancer

Question 15

Risk factor: carcinogens
Disease/health issue?

Answer 15

Cancer

Question 16

Connection between risk factor and disease

Answer 16

Correlation: there is a link between a risk factor and an increased likelihood of developing a disease, e.g. lack of physical exercise incr the likelihood of developing CHD, but doesn’t necessarily cause CHD

Causal link: the risk fact directly causes the disease. Causal link between smoking and lung cancer—tobacco contains carcinogens that lead to cancer

Question 17

EXAM QU: explain what a non communicable disease is (2)

Answer 17

1. Diseases that are not infectious, resulted by genes, lifestyle and environmental factors
2. Not passes from person to person

Question 18

EXAM QU: explain the FINANCIAL IMPACT on the UK economy of an increasing number of people who are obese (2)

Answer 18

• more of the country’s money needs to go into healthcare which causes a financial strain
• more people need more time off work
• need to pay for additional surgery
• government have other give financial support

Question 19

EXAM QU: suggest how arthritis could affect a person’s lifestyle 1 mark

Answer 19

Movement issues

Question 20

How is cancer caused

Answer 20

When changes occur in the DNA of cells that result in UNCONTROLLED CELL DIVISION. This can lead to tumours forming, however not all tumours are cancerous

Question 21

Type of tumour, cells, location, spread

Answer 21

Benign, abnormal cells, contained within a single area usually bound by a membrane, do not invade or spread to other parts of the body

Malignant, cancerous, invade neighbouring tissues, spread to other parts of the body via the blood stream—secondary tumours

Question 22

Risk factors for cancers

Answer 22

Genetics—breast cancer
Radioactivity—many cancers
Smoking—mouth, lung cancer
UV rays—skin cancers
Obesity—many cancers