1.1 Cell Structure Flashcards
Nervous system
Brain, eyes, spinal chord
Digestive system
Oesophagus, pancreas, stomach
Excretory system
Liver, kidney, bladder
Respiratory system
Lung, bronchi, trachea
Reproductive female
Ovary, uterus, vagina
Reproductive male
Testes, penis, scrotum
Circulatory
Veins, heart, arteries
Eukaryotic cells
Animal, plant, fungi, Protista
Animal + plant :
Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosome (protein synthesis) , mitochondria
ONLY plant:
Cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole
Prokaryotic cells (look into more w/ paper flash card)
Bacteria
All:
DNA loop, cytoplasm, ribosomes, plasmids, cell wall, cell membrane
Some prokaryotes:
Slime coat, flagellum
Neurone structure
Elongated cell body
Lots of projections at ends of cell
Red blood cell structure
Shape is small and a biconcave shape
No nucleus
Flexible
Sperm cell structure
Has flagellum
Contains enzymes in the head region (acrosome)
Contains many mitochondria
Muscle structure
Lots of mitochondria
Proteins that slide over each other
Eukaryotic cells
Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosome, mitochondria
Only plant:
Cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole
Red blood cell structure
Shape of cell is small and biconcave
No nucleus
Flexible
Sperm cell structure
Has flagellum
Contains enzymes in the head region
Contains many mitochondria
Muscle structure
Lots of mitochondria
Proteins that slide over each other
Root hair cell structure
Long projection
Large permanent vacuole
Lots of mitochondria
Xylem cells structure
Dead cell with no end walls
Lignin forms in the walls
Phloem cell structure
Companion cells
Sieve plates separate cells
Neurone - elongated cell body
Allows it to carry impulses over long distances
Neurone - lots of projections at ends of cell
Allows it to connect to and communicate with other nerve cells and muscles
RBC - shape is biconcave
Biconcave to maximise surface area which allows for maximum O2 absorption
RBC - no nucleus
So there is more space for haemoglobin therefore more O2 can bind
RBC - flexible
So they can squeeze through small blood vessels (capillaries)
Sperm cell - has flagellum
Enables it to swim to the egg
Sperm - enzymes in head region
Digest through the jelly coat and cell membrane of an egg cell when it meets one
Sperm - Contains many mitochondria
Releases energy from respiration so that the flagellum can move back and forth for locomotion
Muscle - lots of mitochondria
Provide energy for contraction
Muscle - Proteins that slide over each other
Allows the fibre to shorten and contract
Root hair - long projection
To t=increase rate of absorption of water via osmosis and mineral ions by active transport
Root hair - large permanent vacuole
Stores sap, speed up movement of water
Root hair cell - lots of mitochondria
Provide energy for active transport of minerals
Xylem cells - dead cells with no end walls
Creates a long hollow tube
Xylem cells - lignin forms in the walls
Strong to with stand pressure
Phloem cell - companion cells
Provides energy for transport
Phloem cell - sieve plates separate cells
Allows movement of substances between cells
Magnification
How much larger the image is compared to real life
Resolution
The ability to distinguish between two points on an image
Light microscope advantages
- cheaper than electron
- easier to use
- shows image in colour
- can use living specimens
Light microscope disadvantages
- resolution too low to see organelles other than nucleus
- relatively long wavelength
- resolution and magnification lower than electron microscopes
Electron microscopes advantages
- resolution and magnification is much higher than light microscope
- magnify up to 2,000,000 times
- can distinguish two objects as close as o.2 nm
Electron microscope disadvantages
- Expensive
- larger
- require special training to use it
- not in colour
- specimen needs to be dead
Microscopy calculation
Magnification = measured size/real size of object
M = I/O
