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Biology > 4.3 DNA and Inheritance > Flashcards

4.3 DNA and Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

In the nucleus

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2
Q

Who discovered DNA?

A

Watson, Crick

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3
Q

DNA consists of two strands coiled into a …

A

double helix

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4
Q

What chemical is in the backbone of each DNA strand?

A

sugar-phosphate

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5
Q

What are the four bases?

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine

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6
Q

How do the four bases pair up?

A

Adenine-Thymine

Cytosine- Guanine

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7
Q

What is a protein made up of?

A

amino acids

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8
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

it makes up your genes, controlling the structure and function of your body

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9
Q

What are 3 different molecules made of protein?

A

hormones, antibodies, enzymes

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10
Q

What does the genetic code actually code for?

A

Protein

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11
Q

How many bases code for one amino acid?

A

3

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12
Q

EXAM QUESTION:

Describe how a sequence of DNA bases will lead to the synthesis of a PROTEASE ENZYME.

A

WAGOLL:
The sequence of DNA bases determines the order of amino acids in a protein. 3 bases (triplet code) will code for 1 amino acid. The specific order of amino acids in the chain will fold to form a PROTEASE ENZYME/ unique shape

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13
Q

EXAM PRACTISE:

A mutation altered a base sequence of DNA coding for a hormone. Explain why the hormone could no longer function.

A

The amino acids that the base sequence codes for will be different and therefore the protein shape will be different.

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14
Q

What are the advantages of genetic profiling?

A

solving crime

identify comparisons with DNA from relatives

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15
Q

What are genes?

A

short sections of DNA that codes for one protein

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16
Q

What is genetic profiling?

A

The analysis of a person’s DNA

pattern of bands

17
Q

Genetic profiling procedure?

A

collect sample of cells - check, blood, hair etc.
cells are broken up and the DNA is extracted
DNA is cut up by enzymes, so that it ends up in fragments of different sizes
the fragments are then separated forming a genetic profile

18
Q

What is an allele?

A

a variant form of genes

19
Q

What is a genotype?

A

describes the alleles present in an individual for a particular characteristic

20
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

When an individual inherits two copies of the same allele for a particular gene

21
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

When an individual inherits two different alleles for a particular gene

22
Q

What are the two different types of alleles?

A

dominant, recessive

23
Q

What is a phenotype?

A

physical characteristic resulting from the inherited information

24
Q

What are mutations?

A

When DNA changes, altering the genetic instructions

25
Q

Name two different environmental factors that can cause mutations?

A 
certain chemicals (cigarette smoke)
radiation
26
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

an allele which when present in the heterozygous condition expresses itself in the phenotype

27
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

an allele which when present only in the homozygous condition expresses itself in the phenotype

28
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Two long chains of alternating sugar phosphate connected by bases in the centre. The chains are twisted to form a double helix. There are 4 base pairings: adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine. There is complementary base pairing between adenine and thymine, cytosine and guanine.

29
Q

why is screening newborn babies for genetic conditions is important?

A

they can start treatment early

30
Q

What is genetic modification?

A

transfer of genes from one organisms and placing them into the genome of another

31
Q

Name 3 plants that have been genetically modified

A

cotton
soya beans
corn

32
Q

What are 3 advantages of genetically modified crops?

A

resistant to herbicide, as the herbicide can be used to kill competing plants (weed) - increase yield
designed to survive difficult conditions
produced to make oils which can be used as biofuels which saves non-renewable resources

33
Q

What are 3 disadvantages of genetically modified crops?

A

inserted genes can have side effects
pollen from GMO can get carried by the wind into natural population causing plants outside the farm to be herbicide resistant- become a pest
unknown health effects of eating GMO

34
Q

Disadvantages of genetic profiling

A

Storage of DNA profiles can be seen as an invasion of privacy

35
Q

describe how genes are arranged on a chromosome

A

in row/line/linearly

Biology (7 decks)

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