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BIOL 3012 > 43 Chapter > Flashcards

43 Chapter Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogen

A

A bacterium, fungus, virus, or other disease-causing agent

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2
Q

Immune system function

A

Enables an animal to avoid or limit many infections

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3
Q

Two types of immune defense found among animals:

A

Innate immunity (all animals)
Adaptive immunity (only vertebrates)

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4
Q

Innate immunity

A

Includes barrier defenses and molecular recognition which enables responses to a broad range of pathogens

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5
Q

Adaptive immunity (adaptive/acquired immune response)

A

Molecular recognition with tremendous specificity

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6
Q

Lysozyme

A

An enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls

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7
Q

Antimicrobial peptides

A

Short chains of amino acids secreted by hemocytes to combat pathogens in innate immunity

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8
Q

Hemocytes

A

Immune cells of insects

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9
Q

Innate defenses similar between invertebrates and vertebrates

A

Barrier defense, phagocytosis, and antimicrobial peptides

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10
Q

Innate defenses unique to vertebrates

A

Natural killer cells, interferons, and the inflammatory response

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11
Q

Mucus

A

A viscous fluid that traps pathogens and other particles

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12
Q

Toll-like receptor (TLR)

A

A membrane receptor on a phagocytic white blood cell that recognizes fragments of molecules common to a set of pathogens

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13
Q

The two main types of phagocytic cells in the mammalian body:

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

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14
Q

Neutrophil

A

The most abundant type of white blood cell. Neutrophils are phagocytic and tend to self-destruct as they destroy foreign invaders, limiting their life span to a few days.

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15
Q

Macrophage

A

A phagocytic cell present in many tissues that functions in innate immunity by destroying microbes and in acquired immunity as an antigen-presenting cell

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16
Q

Dendritic cells

A

Mainly populate tissues, such as skin, that contact the environment. Is an antigen-presenting cell that is particularly efficient in presenting antigens to helper T cells, thereby initiating a primary immune response.

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17
Q

Eosinophils

A

Often found beneath mucosal surfaces, are important in defending against multicellular invaders, such as parasitic worms.

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18
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Circulate through the body and detect the abnormal array of surface proteins characteristic of some virus-infected and cancerous cells

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19
Q

Interferon

A

A protein that has antiviral or immune regulatory functions. Interferon-α and interferon-β, secreted by virus infected cells, help nearby cells resist viral infection; interferon-ν, secreted by helper T cells, helps activate macrophages

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20
Q

Complement system

A

A group of about 30 proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse (burst) extracellular pathogens

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21
Q

Inflammatory response

A

The changes brought about by signaling molecules released upon injury or infection

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22
Q

Histamine

A

An important inflammatory signaling molecule, which is stored in densely packed vesicles of mast cells. Histamine triggers nearby blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable.

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23
Q

Mast cells

A

A vertebrate body cell that produces histamine and other molecules that trigger inflammation in response to infection and in allergic reactions

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24
Q

Cytokines

A

Signaling molecules that modulate immune responses

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25
Q

Pus

A

A fluid rich in white blood cells, dead pathogens, and cell debris from damaged tissue

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26
Q

The adaptive response relies on T cells and B cells, which are types of white blood cells called ____________

A

Lymphocytes

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27
Q

Like all blood cells, lymphocytes originate from ____________

A

Stem cells in the bone marrow

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28
Q

Thymus

A

An organ in the thoracic cavity above the heart

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29
Q

How are T cells made?

A

From lymphocytes that migrate and develop in the thymus

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30
Q

How are B cells made?

A

From lymphocytes that develop in the bone marrow

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31
Q

T cells

A

The class of lymphocytes that mature in the thymus; they include both effector cells for the cell-mediated immune response and helper T cells required for both branches of adaptive immunity

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32
Q

B cells

A

The lymphocytes that complete their development in the bone marrow and become effector cells for the humoral immune response

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33
Q

Antigen

A

Any substance that elicits a B or T cell response

34
Q

Antigen receptor

A

A protein which binds a B or T cell to an antigen

35
Q

Epitope

A

The small, accessible portion of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor

36
Q

B cell antigen receptor structure

A

A Y-shaped molecule consisting of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains, with disulfide bridges linking the chains together

37
Q

Heavy chain

A

One of the two types of polypeptide chains that make up an antibody molecule and B cell receptor; consists of a variable region, which contributes to the antigen-binding site, and a constant region

38
Q

Light chain

A

One of the two types of polypeptide chains that make up an antibody molecule and B cell receptor; consists of a variable region, which contributes to the antigen-binding site, and a constant region

39
Q

Constant (C) region

A

Includes the cytoplasmic tail and transmembrane region of the heavy chain and all of the disulfide bridges

40
Q

Variable (V) region

A

Component of the heavy and light chains of a B cell antigen receptor. So named because it’s amino acid sequence varies extensively from one B cell to another.

41
Q

Together, pars of a heavy-chain V region and a light-chain V region form an asymmetric binding site for an antigen

A

True

42
Q

Antibody/ Immunoglobulin (Ig)

A

The soluble form of the B cell antigen receptor

43
Q

It is antibodies, rather than B cells themselves, that actually help defend against pathogens

A

True

44
Q

T cell antigen receptor structure

A

Two different polypeptide chains, an α chain and a β chain, linked by a disulfide bridge

45
Q

At the outer tip of the T cell receptor, the variable (V) regions of the α and β chains together form a single antigen-binding site. The remainder of the molecule is made up of the constant (C) regions.

A

True

46
Q

Difference in B and T cell receptor binding

A

B cell (antigen) receptors bind to epitopes of intact antigens on pathogens, whereas T cell receptors bind only to fragments of antigens that are displayed, or presented, on the surface of host cells.

47
Q

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule

A

The host protein that displays the antigen fragments on the cell surface

48
Q

Antigen fragments

A

Peptides of the antigen

49
Q

Antigen presentation

A

The process by which an MHC molecule binds to a fragment of an intracellular protein antigen and carries it to the cell surface, where it is displayed and can be recognized by a T cell

50
Q

Self-tolerance

A

The lack of reactivity against an animal’s own molecules and cells.

51
Q

A receptor light chain is encoded by three gene segments:

A

A variable (V) segment, a joining (J) segment, and a constant (C) segment. The V and J segments together encode the variable region of the receptor chain, while the C segment encodes the constant region

52
Q

Effector cells

A

Short-lived cells that take effect immediately against the antigen and any pathogens producing that antigen.
Are developed from T or B cell proliferation

53
Q

Plasma cells

A

The effector forms of B cells, which secrete antibodies.

54
Q

Effector forms of T cells:

A

Helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells

55
Q

Memory cells

A

Result from B and T cell proliferation. Are long-lived cells that can give rise to effector cells if the same antigen is encountered later in the animal’s life

56
Q

Clonal selection

A

The process by which an antigen selectively binds to and activates only those lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for the antigen. The selected lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells and a clone of memory cells specific for the stimulating antigen.

57
Q

Primary immune response

A

The initial adaptive immune response to an antigen, which appears after a lag of about 10-17 days

58
Q

Secondary immune response

A

The adaptive immune response elicited on second or subsequent exposures to a particular antigen. The secondary immune response is more rapid, of greater magnitude, and of longer duration than the primary immune response

59
Q

The humoral immune response occurs in _______________

A

The blood and lymph

60
Q

In the humoral immune response…

A

Antibodies help neutralize or eliminate toxins and pathogens in the blood and lymph

61
Q

In the cell-mediated immune response, ___________________

A

Specialized T cells destroy infected host cells

62
Q

Helper T cell

A

A type of T cell that, when activated, secretes cytokines that promote the response of B cells (humoral response) and cytotoxic cells (cell-mediated response) to antigens.

63
Q

Antigen-presenting cell

A

A cell that upon ingesting pathogens or internalizing pathogen proteins generates peptide fragments that are bound by class II MHC molecules and subsequently displayed on the cell surface to T cells. Macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells are the primary antigen-presenting cells

64
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

A type of lymphocyte that, when activated, kills infected cells as well as certain cancer cells and transplanted cells. Uses toxic proteins to kill cells infected by viruses or other intracellular pathogens before pathogens fully mature.

65
Q

Neutralization

A

A process in which antibodies bind to proteins on the surface of a virus

66
Q

Opsonization

A

A process in which antibodies bind to antigens on bacteria but do not block infection, instead present a readily recognized structure for macrophages or neutrophils, thereby promoting phagocytosis

67
Q

Active immunity

A

The defenses that arise when a pathogen infects the body and prompts a primary or secondary immune response

68
Q

Passive immunity

A

When the antibodies in the recipient are produced by another individual. For example pregnancy

69
Q

Immunization

A

The process of generating a state of immunity by artificial means.

70
Q

Vaccination

A

A type of artificial active immunization where an inactive or weakened form of a pathogen is administered, inducing B and T cell responses and immunological memory.

71
Q

Passive immunization

A

Antibodies specific for a particular pathogen are administered, conferring immediate but temporary protection

72
Q

Monoclonal antibodies

A

Any of a preparation of antibodies that have been produced by a single clone of cultured cells and thus are all specific for the same epitope

73
Q

Allergies

A

Are exaggerated (hypersensitive) responses to certain antigens called allergens

74
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

An immunological disorder in which the immune system turns against self

75
Q

Immunodeficiency

A

A disorder in which an immune system response to antigens is defective or absent

76
Q

Inborn immunodeficiency

A

Results from a genetic or developmental defect in the production of immune system cells or of specific proteins, such as antibodies or the proteins of the complement system

77
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency

A

Caused by exposure to certain chemicals or biological agents

78
Q

Antigenic variation

A

Pathogenic changes in epitope which thwart immunological memory

79
Q

Latency

A

An inactive state of a virus after infecting cells. Latent viruses do not trigger adaptive immune response

80
Q

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

The pathogen that causes AIDS, both escapes and attacks the adaptive immune response

81
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A

An impairment in immune responses that leaves the body susceptible to infections and cancers that a healthy immune system would usually defeat

BIOL 3012 (14 decks)

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