40 Chapter Flashcards
Anatomy
Biological form
Physiology
Biological function
Fusiform
Referring to an animal shape that is tapered on both ends, like fish
Interstitial fluid
The fluid in the spaces between cells.
Four main types of animal tissues:
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial tissues, or epithalia
Cover the outside of the body and line organs and cavities within the body.
-Occur as sheets of cells
Cuboidal epithelium
Dice-shaped cells specialized for secretion. Is present in many glands.
Simple columnar epithelium
Brick-shaped cells found where secretion or active absorption is important.
Simple squamous epithelium
Platelike cells present where diffusion of nutrients and gases is critical.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Consists of a single layer of cells varying in height and nuclei position; provide a mucous membrane
Stratified squamous epithelium
Is multilayered and regenerates rapidly; is found on surfaces subject to abrasion.
5 Types of epithelial tissue
Cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Connective tissue
Consist of a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix; holds many tissues and organs together and in place.
Fibroblasts
Secrete fiber proteins
Macrophages
Engulf foreign particles and any cell debris by phagocytosis.
Three kinds of connective tissue fibers
Collagenous fibers
Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers
Collagenous fibers
Provide strength and flexibility
Reticular fibers
Join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
Elastic fibers
Make tissues elastic
Loose connective tissue
Binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place. Is made of all three connective tissue fibers and is the most widespread connective tissue in the vertebrate body
Fibrous connective tissue
Is dense with collagenous fibers. It is found in tendons and in ligaments.
Tendons
Attach muscles to bones
Ligaments
Connect bones at joints
Bone
A mineralized connective tissue; the skeleton of most vertebrates.
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells, which deposit a matrix of collagen.
Osteons
The repeating microscopic units of a hard mammalian bone.
Adipose tissue
A specialized loose connective tissue that stores fat in adipose cells distributed throughout its matrix.
Blood has a liquid extracellular matrix called _______
Plasma
Erythrocytes
Red blood cells, which carry oxygen
Leukocytes
White blood cells, which function in defense
Platelets
Cell fragments, which function in blood clotting
Cartilage
A strong yet flexible support material.
Chondroitin sulfate
Rubbery protein-carbohydrate complex; a component of cartilage
Chondrocytes
Secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate, which together make cartilage
6 Types of connective tissue
Loose connective tissue
Fibrous connective tissue
Bone
Adipose tissue
Blood
Cartilage
Muscle tissue
Consists of filaments containing the proteins actin and myosin, which together enable muscles to contract.
Skeletal muscle (striated muscle)
Consists of muscle fibers and is responsible for voluntary movements.
-Each muscle fiber contains multiple nuclei
Smooth muscle
Lacks striations and is responsible for involuntary body activities.
Cardiac muscle
Forms the contractile wall of the heart.
-Is striated
Three types of muscle tissue
Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle
Nervous tissue
Functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of information.
Neurons
The basic units of the nervous system. Neurons transmit impulses to neurons, muscles, or other cells
Dendrites
Extensions of a neuron where the neuron receives impulses from other neurons.
Axons
Extensions of the neuron where neurons transmit impulses to neurons, muscles, or other cells
Nerves
The bundle of neurons, dendrites, and axons
Glial cells, or glia
Helps nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons, and in some cases, modulate neuron function.
Two major systems for coordinating and controlling responses to stimuli:
The endocrine and nervous systems
In the endocrine system,…
Signaling molecules released into the bloodstream by endocrine cells are carried to all locations in the body.
In the nervous system,…
Neurons transmit signals along dedicated routes connecting specific locations in the body.
Different hormones cause distinct effects, and only cells that have receptors for a particular hormone respond.
True
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Acts solely on thyroid cells; stimulates the release of thyroid hormone
Thyroid hormone
Acts on nearly every body tissue to increase oxygen consumption and heat production.
In the nervous system, signals called _________ travel to specific target cells along communication lines consisting mainly of axons.
Nerve impulses
The endocrine system is especially well adapted for coordinating gradual changes that affect the entire body, such as growth, development, reproduction, metabolic processes, and digestion.
True
An animal is a ________ for an environmental variable if it uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation.
Regulator
An animal is a _________ for a particular variable if it allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes in the variable.
Conformer
Homeostasis
Refers to the maintenance of internal balance.
Set point
The particular value of a variable. For example, the set point of human body temperature is 37 degrees C
Sensor
Detects fluctuations above or below the set point
Response
A physiological activity that helps return the variable to the set point
Negative feedback
A control mechanism that reduces, or “damps”, the stimulus
Positive feedback
A mechanism that amplifies the stimulus
Circadian rythm
A set of physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours
Acclimatization
The gradual process by which an animal adjusts to changes in its external environment.
Thermoregulation
The process by which animals maintain their body temperature within a normal range.
Endothermic
Organisms that are warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism.
Ectothermic
Organisms that gain most of their heat from external sources.
Poikilotherm
An animal whose body temperature varies with its environment.
Homeotherm
Has a relatively constant body temperature
Integumentary system
The outer covering of the body, consisting of skin, hair, and nails
Vasodilation
A widening of superficial blood vessels
Vasoconstriction
Decreases the diameter of superficial vessels
Hypothalamus
The brain region that controls the circadian clock and contains sensors for thermoregulation
Fever
An elevated body temperature
Bioenergetics
The overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal
Metabolic rate
The sum of all the energy an animal uses in a given time interval
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
The minimum metabolic rate of a non growing endothermic that is at rest, has an empty stomach, and is not experiencing stress
Standard metabolic rate (SMR)
The metabolic rate of a fasting, nonstressed ectotherm at rest at a particular temperature
Torpor
A physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism
Hibernation
A long-term torpor
Estivation
Summer torpor
