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BIOL 3012 > 40 Chapter > Flashcards

40 Chapter Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Biological form

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2
Q

Physiology

A

Biological function

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3
Q

Fusiform

A

Referring to an animal shape that is tapered on both ends, like fish

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4
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

The fluid in the spaces between cells.

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5
Q

Four main types of animal tissues:

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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6
Q

Epithelial tissues, or epithalia

A

Cover the outside of the body and line organs and cavities within the body.
-Occur as sheets of cells

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7
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

Dice-shaped cells specialized for secretion. Is present in many glands.

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8
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Brick-shaped cells found where secretion or active absorption is important.

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9
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Platelike cells present where diffusion of nutrients and gases is critical.

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10
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

Consists of a single layer of cells varying in height and nuclei position; provide a mucous membrane

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11
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

Is multilayered and regenerates rapidly; is found on surfaces subject to abrasion.

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12
Q

5 Types of epithelial tissue

A

Cuboidal epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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13
Q

Connective tissue

A

Consist of a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix; holds many tissues and organs together and in place.

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14
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Secrete fiber proteins

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15
Q

Macrophages

A

Engulf foreign particles and any cell debris by phagocytosis.

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16
Q

Three kinds of connective tissue fibers

A

Collagenous fibers
Reticular fibers
Elastic fibers

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17
Q

Collagenous fibers

A

Provide strength and flexibility

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18
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Join connective tissue to adjacent tissues

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19
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Make tissues elastic

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20
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place. Is made of all three connective tissue fibers and is the most widespread connective tissue in the vertebrate body

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21
Q

Fibrous connective tissue

A

Is dense with collagenous fibers. It is found in tendons and in ligaments.

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22
Q

Tendons

A

Attach muscles to bones

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23
Q

Ligaments

A

Connect bones at joints

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24
Q

Bone

A

A mineralized connective tissue; the skeleton of most vertebrates.

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25
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells, which deposit a matrix of collagen.

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26
Q

Osteons

A

The repeating microscopic units of a hard mammalian bone.

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27
Q

Adipose tissue

A

A specialized loose connective tissue that stores fat in adipose cells distributed throughout its matrix.

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28
Q

Blood has a liquid extracellular matrix called _______

A

Plasma

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29
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells, which carry oxygen

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30
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells, which function in defense

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31
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragments, which function in blood clotting

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32
Q

Cartilage

A

A strong yet flexible support material.

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33
Q

Chondroitin sulfate

A

Rubbery protein-carbohydrate complex; a component of cartilage

34
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate, which together make cartilage

35
Q

6 Types of connective tissue

A

Loose connective tissue
Fibrous connective tissue
Bone
Adipose tissue
Blood
Cartilage

36
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Consists of filaments containing the proteins actin and myosin, which together enable muscles to contract.

37
Q

Skeletal muscle (striated muscle)

A

Consists of muscle fibers and is responsible for voluntary movements.
-Each muscle fiber contains multiple nuclei

38
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Lacks striations and is responsible for involuntary body activities.

39
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Forms the contractile wall of the heart.
-Is striated

40
Q

Three types of muscle tissue

A

Skeletal muscle
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle

41
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of information.

42
Q

Neurons

A

The basic units of the nervous system. Neurons transmit impulses to neurons, muscles, or other cells

43
Q

Dendrites

A

Extensions of a neuron where the neuron receives impulses from other neurons.

44
Q

Axons

A

Extensions of the neuron where neurons transmit impulses to neurons, muscles, or other cells

45
Q

Nerves

A

The bundle of neurons, dendrites, and axons

46
Q

Glial cells, or glia

A

Helps nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons, and in some cases, modulate neuron function.

47
Q

Two major systems for coordinating and controlling responses to stimuli:

A

The endocrine and nervous systems

48
Q

In the endocrine system,…

A

Signaling molecules released into the bloodstream by endocrine cells are carried to all locations in the body.

49
Q

In the nervous system,…

A

Neurons transmit signals along dedicated routes connecting specific locations in the body.

50
Q

Different hormones cause distinct effects, and only cells that have receptors for a particular hormone respond.

A

True

51
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Acts solely on thyroid cells; stimulates the release of thyroid hormone

52
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

Acts on nearly every body tissue to increase oxygen consumption and heat production.

53
Q

In the nervous system, signals called _________ travel to specific target cells along communication lines consisting mainly of axons.

A

Nerve impulses

54
Q

The endocrine system is especially well adapted for coordinating gradual changes that affect the entire body, such as growth, development, reproduction, metabolic processes, and digestion.

A

True

55
Q

An animal is a ________ for an environmental variable if it uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation.

A

Regulator

56
Q

An animal is a _________ for a particular variable if it allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes in the variable.

A

Conformer

57
Q

Homeostasis

A

Refers to the maintenance of internal balance.

58
Q

Set point

A

The particular value of a variable. For example, the set point of human body temperature is 37 degrees C

59
Q

Sensor

A

Detects fluctuations above or below the set point

60
Q

Response

A

A physiological activity that helps return the variable to the set point

61
Q

Negative feedback

A

A control mechanism that reduces, or “damps”, the stimulus

62
Q

Positive feedback

A

A mechanism that amplifies the stimulus

63
Q

Circadian rythm

A

A set of physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours

64
Q

Acclimatization

A

The gradual process by which an animal adjusts to changes in its external environment.

65
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The process by which animals maintain their body temperature within a normal range.

66
Q

Endothermic

A

Organisms that are warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism.

67
Q

Ectothermic

A

Organisms that gain most of their heat from external sources.

68
Q

Poikilotherm

A

An animal whose body temperature varies with its environment.

69
Q

Homeotherm

A

Has a relatively constant body temperature

70
Q

Integumentary system

A

The outer covering of the body, consisting of skin, hair, and nails

71
Q

Vasodilation

A

A widening of superficial blood vessels

72
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Decreases the diameter of superficial vessels

73
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The brain region that controls the circadian clock and contains sensors for thermoregulation

74
Q

Fever

A

An elevated body temperature

75
Q

Bioenergetics

A

The overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal

76
Q

Metabolic rate

A

The sum of all the energy an animal uses in a given time interval

77
Q

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

The minimum metabolic rate of a non growing endothermic that is at rest, has an empty stomach, and is not experiencing stress

78
Q

Standard metabolic rate (SMR)

A

The metabolic rate of a fasting, nonstressed ectotherm at rest at a particular temperature

79
Q

Torpor

A

A physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism

80
Q

Hibernation

A

A long-term torpor

81
Q

Estivation

A

Summer torpor

BIOL 3012 (14 decks)

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