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BIOL 3012 > 42 Chapter > Flashcards

42 Chapter Flashcards

1
Q

The alternative to a circulatory system is a ______________, which ____________

A

Gastrovascular cavity, which functions in the distribution of substances throughout the body, as well as in digestion.

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2
Q

A circulatory system has three basic components:

A

A circulatory fluid, a set of interconnecting vessels, and a muscular pump, the heart.

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3
Q

Hemolymph

A

The circulatory fluid of an open circulatory system.

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4
Q

In an open circulatory system,

A

The hemolymph is also the interstitial fluid that bathes body cells.

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5
Q

Blood

A

The circulatory fluid of a closed circulatory system.

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6
Q

In a closed circulatory system,

A

A circulatory fluid, called blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid.

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7
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

The closed circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates

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8
Q

Three main types of blood vessels

A

Arteries, veins, and capillaries

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9
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood from the heart to organs throughout the body

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10
Q

Arterioles

A

Branches of arteries within organs.

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11
Q

Capillaries

A

Microscopic vessels with very thin, porous walls

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12
Q

Capillary beds

A

Networks of capillaries; found in tissues

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13
Q

Venule

A

A vessel that conveys blood between a capillary bed and a vein

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14
Q

Veins

A

The vessels that carry blood back to the heart

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15
Q

At their downstream end, capillaries converge into ________, and ________ converge into ________

A

Venules, venules, veins

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16
Q

Arteries and veins are distinguished by the direction in which they carry blood, not by the O2 content or other characteristics of the blood they contain.

A

True

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17
Q

Portal veins

A

Carry blood between pairs of capillary beds

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18
Q

Atria

A

The muscular chamber of the heart that receives blood entering the heart

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19
Q

Ventricles

A

The muscular chambers of the heart responsible for pumping blood out of the heart

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20
Q

Single circulation

A

A circulatory system consisting of a single pump and single circuit, in which blood passes from the sites of gas exchange to the rest of the body before returning to the heart.

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21
Q

Double circulation

A

A circulatory system consisting of separate pulmonary and systemic circuits, in which blood passes through the heart after completing each circuit.

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22
Q

Pulmonary circuit

A

A part of the circulation where one pump, the right side of the heart, delivers oxygen-poor blood to the capillary beds of the lungs.

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23
Q

Pulmocutaneous circuit

A

A part of the circulation where one pump, the right side of the heart, delivers oxygen-poor blood to the capillary beds of both the lungs and the skin.

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24
Q

Systemic circuit

A

The branch of the circulatory system that supplies oxygenated blood to and carries deoxygenated blood away from organs and tissues throughout the body.

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25
Q

Blood pressure is much higher in the systemic circuit than in the gas exchange circuit in double circulation

A

True

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26
Q

Aorta

A

Conveys blood to arteries leading throughout the body

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27
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Supply blood to the heart muscle itself

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28
Q

Oxygen-poor blood from the head, neck, and forelimbs is channeled into a large vein, the _____________

A

Superior vena cava

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29
Q

The __________, drains blood from the trunk and hind limbs.

A

Inferior vena cava

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30
Q

The two venae cavae empty their blood into the ____________, from which the oxygen-poor blood flows into the __________

A

Right atrium, Right ventricle

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31
Q

Sternum

A

Breastbone

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32
Q

Left ventricle function

A

Pumps blood throughout the body via the systemic circuit

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33
Q

Although the left ventricle contracts with greater force than the right ventricle, it pumps the same volume of blood as the right ventricle during each contraction.

A

True

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34
Q

When the heart contracts, it ____________.

A

Pumps blood

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35
Q

When the heart relaxes, ______________

A

Its chambers fill with blood

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36
Q

One complete sequence of pumping and filling is referred to as ____________

A

The cardiac cycle

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37
Q

Systole

A

The contraction phase of the cardiac cycle

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38
Q

Diastole

A

The relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle

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39
Q

Cardiac output

A

The volume of blood each ventricle pumps per minute

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40
Q

Heart rate

A

The rate of contraction (number of beats per minute)

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41
Q

Stroke volume

A

The amount of blood pumped by a ventricle in a single contraction

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42
Q

Two factors determine cardiac output:

A

Heart rate
Stroke volume

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43
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) valve

A

Lies between each atrium and ventricle; functions to keep blood from flowing back into the atria

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44
Q

Semilunar valves

A

A valve located at each exit of the heart, where the aorta leaves the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery leaves the right ventricle. Function to prevent the backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles.

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45
Q

Right ventricle function

A

Pumps blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries

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46
Q

Left atrium function

A

Receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins

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47
Q

Right atrium function

A

Receives oxygen-poor blood from the two venae cavae, which then flows into the right ventricle

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48
Q

Heart murmur

A

An abnormal sound produced by a defective valve which allowed blood to squirt backward

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49
Q

Autorythmic cardiac muscle cells

A

Can contract and relax repeatedly without any signal from the nervous system

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50
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node, or pacemaker

A

A cluster of autorhythmic cells that sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract.

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51
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

A

A record of the electrical impulses that travel through heart muscle during the cardiac cycle

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52
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

A region of specialized heart muscle tissue between the left and right atria where electrical impulses are delayed for about 0.1 seconds before spreading to both ventricles and causing them to contract

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53
Q

The signals from the AV node are conducted to the heart apex and throughout the ventricular walls by specialized structures called …

A

Bundle branches and Purkinje fibers

54
Q

Epinephrine

A

The “fight or flight” hormone secreted by the adrenal glands; speeds up the pacemaker

55
Q

Endothelium

A

A single layer of flattened epithelial cells

56
Q

The exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid occurs only in capillaries because only there are blood vessels walls thin enough to permit this exchange.

A

True

57
Q

A vein has a wall only about a third as thick as that of an artery.

A

True

58
Q

Unlike arteries, veins contain valves, which maintain a unidirectional flow of blood despite the low blood pressure in these vessels.

A

True

59
Q

Systolic pressure

A

Arterial blood pressure when the heart contracts during ventricular systole

60
Q

Pulse

A

The rhythmic bulging of the artery walls with each heartbeat

61
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

Blood pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxed

62
Q

Narrowing of the arterioles, vasoconstriction, has what effect on blood pressure?

A

It increases blood pressure upstream in the arteries.

63
Q

When the smooth muscles relax, the arterioles undergo vasodilation. What effect does vasodilation have on blood pressure?

A

Vasodilation causes blood pressure in the arteries to fall.

64
Q

Precapillary sphincters

A

Rings of smooth muscle located at the entrance to capillary beds

65
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Includes a network of tiny vessels intermingled among capillaries of the cardiovascular system, as well as larger vessels into which small vessels empty. It functions to transport the lost fluid and proteins to the blood.

66
Q

Lymph

A

The fluid lost by the capillaries

67
Q

Disruptions in lymph flow often result in fluid accumulations, or __________, in affected tissues

A

Edema

68
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Lymph-filtering organs which play an important role in the body’s defense.

69
Q

Blood electrolytes

A

Inorganic salts in the form of dissolved ions in plasma

70
Q

Normal human blood pH

A

7.4

71
Q

Plasma has a much higher protein concentration than interstitial fluid, although the two fluids are otherwise similar

A

True

72
Q

Platelets

A

Cell fragments that are involved in the clotting process

73
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red blood cells

74
Q

Biconcave

A

Thinner in the center than at the edges

75
Q

Hemoglobin

A

The iron-containing protein that transports O2

76
Q

Erythrocytes also lack mitochondria and generate their ATP exclusively by anaerobic metabolism. Oxygen transport would be less efficient if erythrocytes were aerobic and consumed some of the O2 they carry.

A

True

77
Q

One erythrocyte can transport about _________ O2 molecules

A

1 billion

78
Q

Leukocytes

A

White blood cells

79
Q

Phagocytic leukocytes

A

Engulf and digest microorganisms as well as debris from the body’s own dead cells

80
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Leukocytes that develop into B cells and T cells that mount immune responses against foreign substances.

81
Q

Blood contains __ major types of white blood cells

A

5

82
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A

A hormone synthesized by the kidneys that stimulates the generation of more erythrocytes

83
Q

Coagulation

A

The conversion of liquid components of blood to a solid clot

84
Q

A break in a blood vessel wall exposes proteins that attract platelets and initiate coagulation

A

True

85
Q

Coagulant

A

A sealant

86
Q

Fibrinogen

A

The inactive form of a coagulant

87
Q

Thrombin

A

Enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin

88
Q

Thrombus

A

Clots forming within a blood vessel

89
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

The hardening of the arteries by accumulation of fatty deposits

90
Q

Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)

A

Delivers cholesterol to cells for membrane production

91
Q

High-density lipoprotein

A

Scavenges excess cholesterol for return to the liver

92
Q

Individuals with a high ratio of __________ are at substantially increased risk for atherosclerosis.

A

LDL to HDL

93
Q

In atherosclerosis, damage to the arterial lining results in ___________, the body’s reaction to injury

A

Inflammation

94
Q

Heart attack (myocardial infarction)

A

Is the damage or death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries

95
Q

Stroke

A

The death of nervous tissue in the brain due to a lack of O2

96
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure

97
Q

Gas exchange

A

Is the uptake of molecular O2 from the environment and the discharge of CO2 to the environment

98
Q

Partial pressure

A

Is the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

99
Q

A gas always undergoes net diffusion from a region of higher partial pressure to a region of lower partial pressure

A

True

100
Q

Respiratory medium

A

The source of O2

101
Q

Water’s lower O2 content, greater density, and greater viscosity mean that aquatic animals such as fishes and lobsters must expend considerable energy to carry out gas exchange

A

True

102
Q

Respiratory surfaces tend to be large and thin

A

True

103
Q

Gills

A

Are outfoldings of the body surface that are suspended in the water

104
Q

Ventilation

A

Movement of the respiratory medium over the respiratory surface

105
Q

Countercurrent exchange

A

The exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions

106
Q

Tracheal system

A

A network of air tubes that branch throughout the body

107
Q

The largest tubes of the tracheal system

A

Tracheae

108
Q

Unlike tracheal systems, which branch throughout the insect body, lungs are localized respiratory organs.

A

True

109
Q

Trachea (mammals)

A

Windpipe

110
Q

Larynx

A

The upper part of the respiratory system. Contains the vocal cords

111
Q

Glottis

A

The opening of the trachea

112
Q

If the glottis is open, it enables breathing

A

True

113
Q

Bronchus (bronchi)

A

One of a pair of breathing tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs

114
Q

Bronchiole

A

A fine branch of the bronchi that transports air to alveoli

115
Q

Alveoli

A

Air sacs clustered at the tips of the tiniest bronchioles

116
Q

Gas exchange in mammals occurs in ______

A

Alveoli

117
Q

Surfactant

A

A mixture of phospholipids and proteins which coat the alveoli and reduces surface tension

118
Q

Breathing

A

The alternating inhalation and exhalation of air

119
Q

Positive pressure breathing

A

Inflating the lungs with forced airflow

120
Q

Instead of alveoli, birds use ______. Birds take two cycles of inhalation and exhalation for the passage of air to reach the entire system

A

Parabronchi

121
Q

Negative pressure breathing

A

Pulling, rather than pushing, air into lungs

122
Q

During exhalation, the muscles controlling the thoracic activity _______, and the volume of the cavity is _______.

A

Relax, reduced

123
Q

Inhalation is always active and requires work, whereas exhalation is usually passive

A

True

124
Q

Diaphragm

A

A sheet of skeletal muscle that forms the bottom wall of the thoracic cavity

125
Q

Tidal volume

A

The volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath

126
Q

Vital capacity

A

The tidal volume during maximal inhalation and exhalation

127
Q

Residual volume

A

The air that remains after a forced exhalation

128
Q

Respiratory pigments

A

A protein that transports oxygen in blood or hemolymph

129
Q

Bohr shift

A

Refers to when low pH decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2

130
Q

Myoglobin

A

Oxygen-storing protein in diving mammals

131
Q

Thorough-fare channels

A

Capillaries that transport blood from arterioles to venules; they are always open.

BIOL 3012 (14 decks)

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