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Chemistry A level > 4.3 Alcohols and Phenols > Flashcards

4.3 Alcohols and Phenols Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleophile

A

Electron pair doner (attracted to +)

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2
Q

Electrophile

A

Electron pair acceptor (attracted to -)

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3
Q

How are primary alcohols synthesised?

A

in nucleophilic substitution with Primary aliphatic halogenoalkanes or reduction of carbonyls

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4
Q

What are the mechanism steps for nucleophilic substitution of halogenoalkanes?

A
  1. OH- attracted to C
  2. Cl- and Na+ join
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5
Q

What are the characteristics of oxidation?

A

*Loss of electrons
*Adding oxygen
*Removing hydrogen

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of reduction?

A

*Gaining of electrons
*Addition of Hydrogen

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7
Q

What is the catalyst to reduce a carboxylic acid to an alcohol?

A

Lithium Aluminium Tetrahydride (LiAlH4) (dry ether)

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8
Q

What is the catalyst to reduce an aldehyde to an alcohol?

A

Sodium Boron Tetrahydride (NaBH4) (aq)

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9
Q

Why can primary and secondary alcohols be oxidised but not tertiary?

A

As 3* alcohols do not have hydrogens on a delta positive carbon

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10
Q

What is the observation in the oxidation of alcohols?

A

organge to green

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11
Q

What is the oxidising agent used for alcohols?

A

Acidified potassium dichromate (H+/K2Cr2O7)

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12
Q

List the stages of oxidation for primary alcohols:

A

1* alcohol —> Aldehyde —> Carboxylic acid

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13
Q

List the stages of oxidation for secondary alcohols:

A

2* alcohol —> Ketone

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14
Q

What catalyst is used when HCl and an alcohol react?

A

Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) (Anhydrous conditions)

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15
Q

What catalyst is used when HBr and an alcohol react?

A

Sodium bromide (NaBr) followed by conc. sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

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16
Q

What are the products when hydrogen halides and alcohols react?

A

Halogenoalkane + Water

17
Q

What are the characteristics of Ethanoyl chloride?

A

*Strong electrophile
*reacts like a carboxylic acid

18
Q

What are the benefits of using ethanoyl chloride over a carboxylic acid in esterification?

A
  • Forms fewer products in mixture, so is more easily extracted
    *No catalyst is required
19
Q

Why is phenol an acid?

A

Lone pairs on oxygen move into delocalised ring releasing the Hydrogen

20
Q

Why is phenol a weak acid?

A

Hydrogens only partially dissociate

21
Q

What is the test and observations for phenol?

A

A purple solution in Iron (III) chloride (Fe(III)Cl3)

22
Q

How does Phenol bond with halogens?

A

High electron density induces polarity ( no catalyst needed)

Chemistry A level (18 decks)

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