4.2 History, Hygiene & Hospital infection Flashcards
Transmission types -
examples of direct transmission :
- mucous to mucous membrane
- across placenta
- transplants, blood
- skin to skin
- sneezes / coughs
Transmission types:
examples of indirect transmission
- waterborne
- airborne
- foodborne
- vectorborne
- objects/fomites
What does HCAI stand for ?
Healthcare-associated infection
HCAI:
1. within health or social care setting direct result of ?
2.In community direct result of ?
3. contracted in …. and brought into …
- treatment in, or contact with
- healthcare delivery
- community , healthcare setting
What is the most common HAIs (hospital acquired infections) ?
- respiratory tract
- urinary tract
- surgical site infections (SSIs)
Effective IPC programmes combine both aspects ..1… / …2… aspects of infections and the …..3…. structures and procedures necessary for ..4…
- microbiological
- epidemiological
- organisational and management
- implementation
Who should IPC programmes be:
1. managed by ?
2. co-ordinated by ?
3. role of who co-ordinates these programmes?
- specialist IPC team
- an IPC committee
- reports to an executive board of which the DIPC is a member
2 ways in which you can prevent the transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings ?
- source isolation
- protective isolation
Source isolation :
1. patients with … should be accomodated in
2. either …. on a general ward
3. or an isolation unit with what features ?
- infectious disease
- a single room
- negativ pressure ventilation, anterooms & en-suite facilities
Protective isolation:
1. patient who should be accomodated here ?
2. protective isolation room with …. pressure ?
3. example of room what kind ?
- with increased vulnerability to infection
- positive
- general side room with door kept closed
what are negative pressure rooms ?
specialized environments designed to contain and prevent the spread of contaminants, such as infectious agents, by maintaining a lower air pressure inside the room compared to the outside
what are positive pressure rooms ?
specially designed environments in which the air pressure inside the room is higher than the air pressure outside of it
what are positive pressure rooms ?
Why is risk assessment of patients identified with infectious diseases important?
- Enables staff to prioritise use of isolation facilities
- Minimises inconsistent decisions
- Carried out by clinical team & Infection Prevention & Control (IPC) team.
Criteria for source isolation
1) Known or suspected communicable disease
2) Unexplained rash if considered to be infectious cause
3) Multi-resistant organisms e.g., MRSA
4) Multi-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MRAB)
5) Clostridium difficile
6) Symptomatic of influenza
7) Diarrhoea and/or vomiting until microbiologically proven negative or symptoms subside
Measures that can be taken to protect other patients from infectious agents in the hospital setting?
- Hand hygiene
- IPC policies
- Education and training
- Surveillance of infection
- Precautions e.g., PPE, isolation
- Environmental hygiene
- Decontamination
What is one method that can be used to limit spread whilst a hospital investigates infection clusters/outbreaks?
Control activities
These include…
- Cohorting isolation
- Extensive patient screening
- Restrictions on admissions/discharges
What is considered a infection cluster in a hospital?
Any two or more persons with a similar illness are clustered in time and space
Some examples of control measures in preventing infections in our hospitals
- Stringent hand hygiene
- PPE
- Enhanced cleaning (environment, equipment, spillages)
- Isolation
- Exclusion
How can we protect the general public from infectious agents?
- Hand hygiene
- Decontamination of soiled materials
- Proper autoclaving and disposal of medical waste
All patients identified with infectious diseases or ‘alert organisms’ will need to be ….. for need of isolation
risk assessed
What type of information is needed when managing a potential outbreak in a hospital
1) Ensure there really is a problem - case definition
2) Lab confirmation sought wherever possible
3) Descriptive epidemiology = time, place, person
