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HaDPop > 1.2 Sources Of Health Data > Flashcards

1.2 Sources Of Health Data Flashcards

1
Q

who might want to measure disease in populations, and why ?

A
  • researchers (academics, government bodies, non-departmental public bodies, etc)
  • Public health campaigners
  • Doctors
  • Medical students
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2
Q

Ad-hoc samples e.g. local health surveys by CCGs who are CCGs? [there is now a different organisation ?]

A

Those that give money to hospitals

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3
Q

How do we asses health & disease in populations ?

A
  • Routine surveillance
  • Ad-hoc samples
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4
Q
  1. Examples of routine surveillance
  2. Although it technically encompassess ….. it can be imperfect
A
  1. births, deaths, notifiable diseases
  2. whole populations
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5
Q

Reliability of evidence from Ad-hoc samples depends largely on …?

A

sampling strategy

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6
Q

3 examples of routine data

A
  • demographic data (e.g. census, births, deaths, fertility)
  • Health events data (e.g. morbidity / mortality)
  • Population based health information (e.g. health surveys)
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7
Q

What members of the population might be excluded from routine data surveillance ?

A
  • homeless
  • People in war-torn countries
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8
Q

What are advantages of routine data ?

A
  • readily available
  • Limited cost
  • Useful for establishing baseline characteristics
  • Useful for examining trends of disease over time and by place
  • Useful for identifying where there is a need
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9
Q

What are disadvantages of routine data ?

A
  • lack of completeness, potential for bias
  • Limited details of determinants e.g. ethnicity, income
  • Often poorly presented
  • Delay between collection and publication
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10
Q

Four examples of demographic data

A
  1. Age
  2. Sex
  3. Ethnicity
  4. Religion
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11
Q

An example of a measure in the UK which collects demographic data

A

Population census

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12
Q

Features of a census

A
  • run by the government
  • Covers defined area
  • Personal enumeration (or a person in each household completes census form)
  • Simultaneous through each area
  • Universal coverage
  • Occurs at regular intervals (10 yrs in UK)
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13
Q

In the uk, how often is the census taken ?

A

Census taken every 10 years in the UK

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14
Q

Issues with personal enumeration in census data

A
  • language barriers
  • Inability to write or read
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15
Q

What information is recorded in the census ?

A
  • population size = calculate rates
  • Population structure = service needs
  • Population characteristics = measures of deprivation
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16
Q

Population characteristics, measures of deprivation are what ?

A
  • unemployment
  • Overcrowding
  • Lone pensioners
  • Single parents
  • Lack of basic amenities
17
Q

Define the difference between population estimates and population projections

A
  1. Population estimates = apply what is known about births, deaths, migration to the present
  2. Population projections = apply what is known about births, deaths, migration to the future
18
Q

Difference between meaning of fecundity & fertility ?

A

fecundity = ability to produce offspring
fertility = production of live offspring

19
Q

2 sources of birth data

A
  1. Birth notification
  2. Birth registration
20
Q

Birth notification
1. completed by …. within ….
2. sent to ….
3. important for ….. e.g. immunisations

A
  1. attendant at birth , 36 hours
  2. local child health register
  3. relevant services
21
Q

Birth registration
1. completed by …. within ….
2. submitted to ……
3. important for …..

A
  1. parent , 42 days
  2. local registrar for births
  3. statistical purposes
22
Q

Sources of health activity data

A
  1. Primary care e.g. GP
  2. Secondary care e.g. hospital admissions
  3. Hospital episode statistics
23
Q

Sources of disease registries and data on chronic conditions

A

Public health England :

  • public health profiles
  • Infectious disease surveillance
  • National cancer registration and analysis service
24
Q

3 causes of dramatic changes in epidemiological data trends..

A
  1. Chance (random variation)
  2. Artefactual systematic errors
  3. Real phenomenon = epidemiological (natural) or the effect of medical care
25
Q

2 sources of death (mortality) data, completed by who, within how many days, required why ?

A
  1. Death certification
    1. Statutory obligation for attending doctor to complete
    2. Legally required to include likely cause of death
    3. If unsure, must contact coroner’s office
  2. Death registration
    1. Completed by qualified informant e.g. relative
    2. Within 5 days to local registrar for deaths
    3. Requires death certificate from doctor
26
Q

Why is it important to collect mortality data

A
  1. lassify causes of death
  2. Analyse patterns in mortality rates
  3. Identify health problems
  4. Inform service needs
27
Q

What is a verbal autopsy ?

A
  • family of the decreased is surveyed/ interviewed about the symptoms/ circumstances of the deceased person prior to death
  • Info given to doctors to interpret and come up with probable cause of death
28
Q

What are crude death rates ? & why is age-standardised rates ?

A
  • Measured as deaths per 1,000 per year
  • Takes account of population size, but not population structure
  • Comparison of crude death rates is usually not very helpful
29
Q

What are sources of sample-based health information ?

A

Surveys

30
Q

Surveys are ___ in which information is __ in variety of methods (e.g. F2F, self-completed questionnaire, telephone, post, online) and the __ of results depend on extent to which survey population is representative

A
  • investigations
  • Systematically collected
  • Generalisability
31
Q

Example of sample-based health information (survey in the UK)

A
  • health survey of England
  • Collated information on health and related behaviours of 8,000 adults and 2,000 children
  • Combined a questionnaire with recording of some physical measurements and blood tests
32
Q

What is life expectancy at birth ?

A

predicted average length of life at birth (if current mortality rates continue to apply)

33
Q

Census data describes what ?

A

Population size and population structure

34
Q

Population estimates depend on what factor ?

A

Migration

35
Q

Population projections depend on what factors ?

A
  • projected migration
  • Fertility rates
36
Q

What’s the difference between fecundity & fertility ?

A

Fecundity = ability to produce offspring
Fertility = production of live offspring

HaDPop (13 decks)

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