Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HaDPop > 4.1 Control of infectious diseases > Flashcards

4.1 Control of infectious diseases Flashcards

1
Q

3 domains of public health

A
  1. Health improvement
  2. Health protection
  3. Healthcare public health
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the Health Protection Services domain of public health provide ?
1. surveillance and control of ..
2. …. control & …. resistance
3. control of ….
4. working with … ; national & international

A
  1. new and re-emerging infections (e.g. TB) & STIs and blood borne viruses
  2. infection , anti-microbial
  3. Control of epidemics & pandemics
  4. other specialists
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is included in the health protection domain of public health ?

A
  • infectious diseases
  • chemicals and poisions
  • radiation
  • emergency response
  • environmental health hazards
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is included in the healthcare public health domain of public health ?

A
  • Clinical effectiveness
  • efficiency
  • service planning
  • audit and evaluation
  • clinical governance
  • equity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is included in the health improvement domain of public health ?

A
  • Inequalities
  • education
  • housing
  • employmet
  • family/community
  • lifestyles
  • surveillance and monitoring of specific diseases and risk factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the key players in health protection ?

A
  1. Specialists in communicate disease control
  2. director of public health/public health specialists
  3. infection control
  4. emergency planning advisors
  5. microbiologists
  6. clinicians
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

NATIONALLY - what is the name of the organisation which organises and delivers health protection in the UK?

A

UK health security agency (UKHSA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

REGIONALLY - who organises and delivers health protection in the UK?

A

HSA (Health Security Agency) centers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

LOCALLY - who organises and delivers health protection in the UK?

A

Health protection teams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What kind of agency is UK Health security agency ?

A

executive agency of the department of health and social care, and a distinct organisation with operational autonomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does UK Health Security Agency provide ?

A

government, local government, the NHS, and the public with evidence-based professional, scientific expertise and support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does infectious disease epidemiology seek to understand ?

A

pattern of infectious diseases within populattions and work to control those diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name 3 points that infectious disease epidemiology use ?

A
  1. measures of disease frequency, including incidence and prevalence
  2. a wide range of research methods, including cohort studies, case - control studies, observational studies, etc.
  3. statistical methods to analyse data and test hypotheses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an infectious agent ?

A

a pathogen (viral, bacterial, protozoal, fungal) that causes disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Globally infectious diseases causes over … % of all deaths ?

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Special features of infectious disease epidemiology :

  • even if not recognised as a case what may it also be …?
  • what can occur ?
  • what can be critical ?
A
  • a case of disease may also be a risk factor
  • immunity can occur
  • speed of intervention can be critical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define infection

A

the entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body - the result may or may not be apparent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

infectious disease = communicable disease : an illness due to …

A

a specific infectious agent or its toxic products that arises through transmission of the agent / products to a susceptible host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

contagious transmitted by ?

A

transmitted by contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

disease surveillance = ongoing ….1…. of data to guide public health action. It is the ..2… by which we can obtain “information for action “

A
  1. collection, compilation and analysis
  2. process
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 6 steps involved in disease surveillance ?

A
  1. collect
  2. collate
  3. analyse
  4. interpret
  5. disseminate, act.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Information for disease surveillance is the product of surveillance.

However, in order for the information to be most effective it need to be what ?

A
  • timely
  • accurate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
  1. 2 methods of surveillance
  2. 2 types of surveillance
A
  1. Passive & active
  2. routine & enhanced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sources of information of infectious disease ?

A
  • Primary care reporting systems
  • hospital information systems
  • laboraties
  • population surveys
  • clinicians
  • environmental health officers
  • care/nursing homes
  • death certification & registration
  • the general public
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Passive surveillance:

A system by which a ..1.. (e.g. the local authority or the UK Health Security Agency UKHSA) receives reports of ..2… diseases or other illnesses submitted from ..3.., or other sources.

Cheap, but with reduced ..4.. and completeness

A
  1. designated body
  2. infectious
  3. hospitals, clinics, public health units
  4. quality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Active surveillance:

A system whereby staff members of a designated body (e.g. UK Health Security Agency UKHSA) ..1… health care providers or the population to ..2.. about health conditions.

Relatively more ..3.., but it provides more …4.. and timely information.

A
  1. regularly contact
  2. seek information
  3. expensive
  4. accurate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Difference between the 2 methods of surveillance: passive & active ?

A

Passive
* designated body receives reports of infectious disease / illnesses from sources
* cheap
* reduced quality & completeness

Active
* designated body regularly contact health care providers / population to seek info about health conditions
* relatively more expensive
* provides more accurate & timely information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Routine surveillance involves collection of …?

A

a basic minimum data set, often from one source of data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Examples of sources of data involved in the collection of a basic minimum data set for routine surveillance ?

A

statutory notification of infectious diseases (e.g. NOIDs, laboratory surveillance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

statutory notification of infectious diseases (e.g. NOIDs, laboratory surveillance) are examples of routine surveillance.
1. What does this refer to ?
2. essential why ?

A
  1. diseases that health professionals and laboratories are required by law to report to public health authorities when diagnosed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

statutory notification of infectious diseases (e.g. NOIDs, laboratory surveillance) are examples of routine surveillance.
1. essential why ?

A
  1. disease surveillance, outbreak control, and public health interventions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Enhanced surveillance:
1. involves colleciton of what ?
2. may combine what data?
3. may include ?

A
  1. more detailed data set from informants
  2. epidemiological and microbiological data
  3. multiple sources of data
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Examples of collection of a more detailed data set from informants for enhanced surveillance ? [change Q!] (is it a necessary question ?)

A

meningococcal disease, tuberculosis, listeriosis, enteric fevers, antimicrobial resistance and travel associated legionella infection

33
Q

Where do we mainly get information from ?

A
  • primary care reporting systems e.g. GPs, pharmacists, NHS direct, NPFS (National Primary Care Surveillance )
  • hostpital information systems
  • laboratories
34
Q

List some routine notifiable UK diseases

A
  • acute encephalitis
  • scarlet fever
  • leprosy
  • mumps
  • rubella
  • typhus
35
Q

Disease that’s urgent if suspected bacterial infection, otherwise routine ?

A

acute meningitis

36
Q

Diseases that are routine; urgent if UK acquired ?

A
  • Brucellosis
  • Malaria
  • yellow fever
37
Q

Disease that routine; urgent if as part of a cluster or outbreak

A

food poisoning

38
Q

Disease that’s routine; urgent if associated with injecting drug use

A

tetanus

39
Q

Disease that’s routine; urgent if healthcare worker or suspected cluster or multi drug resistant

A

tuberculosis

40
Q

Disease that’s urgent if diagnosed in acute phase; routine if later diagnosis

A

whooping cough

41
Q

What criterial would be used to decide whether a disease should be notifiable ?

Think effectiveness

A
  • prevalence and severity of disease
  • possibility of source and contact tracing
  • derived risks for vaccination policy
  • international consequences
42
Q

What criterial would be used to decide whether a disease should be notifiable ?

Think feasibility

A
  • workload
  • possibility of diagnosis
43
Q

What criterial would be used to decide whether a disease should be notifiable ?

Think necessity

A

privacy

44
Q

How can a consultant in communicable disease control (CCDC) respond to a disease notification?

A
  • tracing contact of the index case infected person
  • interviewing affected people to identify the source of infection e.g. food poisoning outbreak
  • confirming the diagnosis by further testing the infected person
45
Q

Tracing contacts of the index case infected person to do what ?

A
  • identify source of the infection
  • prevent further dissemination e.g. tuberculosis
46
Q

What happens with a disease notification ? flowchart idea to end up at UK HSA: centre for infections ?

A
  1. GP/hospital clinician -> clinical laboratory OR straight to health protection team: propter officer
  2. If GP/hospital clinican -> clinical laboratory THEN -> health protection team: proper officer
  3. THEN -> UK HSA: centre for infections
47
Q

4 limitations of surveillance ?

A
  • under reporting
  • lack of representativeness of reported cases
  • trends are difficult to interpret
  • lack of denominators
48
Q

Why is under-reporting a limitation of surveillance?

A

Only a fraction of all notifiable diseases are ever reported, as most surveillance is based on passive reporting by clinical and other healthcare staff

49
Q

Why is lack of represnetativeness of reported cases a limitation of surveillance ?
* clinicians are more likely to report more …1… illnesses or report diseases that have ..2..

A
  1. serious
  2. generated media interest
50
Q

Why is trends are difficult to interpret a limitation of surveillance ?

A

data are sensitive to changes in testing or reporting by laboratories

51
Q

Why is ‘lack of denominators’ a limitation of surveillance ?
1. data are based on …. rather than ….
2. negatives are not usually ….., neither the number of ….. tested no the population at risk is known with certainty

A
  1. place of treatment , place of residence
  2. reported, specimens
52
Q

Case terminology
Index case

A

First case of disease identified

53
Q

Case terminology
Primary case

A

The case that brings the infection into the population

54
Q

Case terminology
Secondary case

A

The case that was infected by the primary case

55
Q

case terminology: tertiary case

A

The case that was infected by the secondary case

56
Q

Chain of transmission ?
1) -> 6)

A

1) Infectious Agent
2) Reservoir
3) Portal of Exit
4) Mode of Transmission
5) Portal of Entry
6) Susceptible Host

57
Q

Transmission routes
Give some examples of direct transmission routes

A
  • Mucous to mucous membrane
  • Across placenta
  • Transplants, blood
  • Skin to skin
  • Sneezes/cough
58
Q

Transmission routes
Give some examples of indirect transmission routes

A
  • waterborne
  • airborne
  • foodborne
  • vectorborne
  • objects/fomites
59
Q
  1. What is a reservoir related to pathogens?
  2. What can be reservoirs for microorganisms ?
A
  1. a host which allows the pathogen to live , possibly grow and multiply
  2. humans, animals, the environment
60
Q

Vector = a host that…

A

carries a pthogen without injury to itself and spreads the pathogen to susceptible organism

61
Q

What type of carrier of pathogens is a vector ?

A

asymptomatic

62
Q

Definition of disease occurences in populations

Sporadic definition

A

occasional cases occuring at irregular intervals

63
Q

Definition of disease occurences in populations

endemic definition ?

A

continuous occurrence at an expected frequency over a certain period of time and in a certain geographical location

64
Q

Definition of disease occurences in populations

epidemic or outbreak definition ?

A

occurence in a community or region of cases of an illness with a frequency clearly in excess of normal expectancy

65
Q

Definition of disease occurences in populations

pandemic definition ?

A

epidemic involves several countries or continents, affecting a large population

66
Q

Difference between endemic, epidemic and pandemic

A

Endemic = transmission occurs, but number of cases stays constant.

Epidemic = number of cases is increasing.

Pandemic = when epidemics occur in SEVERAL continents - global epidemic.

67
Q

COVID-19, previously also known as what ?

A

WN CoV, 2019 nCoV

68
Q

COVID-19 disease is caused by the virus…

A

SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - Coronavirus 2)

69
Q

Coronaviruses are common respiratory viruses that can cause what type of symptoms…

A
  • cough
  • fever
  • pneumonia in some cases e.g. MERS
70
Q

what does the “corona” in coronaviruses mean ?

A

crown

71
Q

Transmission of COVID-19

A
  • usually spreads from close person-to-person contact through respiratory droplets (coughin/sneezing)
  • airbone transmission (tiny droplets remain in air even after person with virus leaves the area)
72
Q

COVID-19 can only be diagnosed with what test ?

A

a laboratory test

73
Q

Most cases of COVID-19 seen to have a mild illness but some develop a …1.. requiring ….2.. that can be ..3…

A
  1. more severe illness
  2. high dependency/intensive care
  3. fatal
74
Q

Those with COVID-19 who have ….. are more at risk of severe infection ?

A

compromised immune systems or other co morbidities

75
Q

What was COVID-19 considered to be ?

A

a high consequence infectious disease (HCID)

76
Q

What were the 4 phases of UK’s response to COVID-19 ? Include what each phase contained !

A
  1. contain = early case detection, intense contact tracing to prevent disease from embedding in the community
  2. delay = slow the spread, delay the peak and push it away from winter
  3. research = diagnostics, drugs and vaccines
  4. mitigate = focus on those crticially unwell and maintain essential services
77
Q

Name 3 COVID-19 vaccines suggested by public health england

A
  • Pfizer/BioNTech
  • AstraZeneca
  • Moderna
78
Q

Preventing COVID-19

A
  • Practise social distancing
  • Wear face mask
  • Wash hands carefully/frequently
  • Open windows for fresh air
  • Get tested (LFD if asymptomatic; PCR if symptomatic)
79
Q

What is one of the key tools in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic ?

A

vaccination

80
Q

What are the key priorities of the Health Protection domain of Public Health?

A

1) Prepare for and control outbreaks and pandemics

2) Surveillance & control of new/re-emerging infection e.g., TB

3) Protect population from hazards (e.g., environmental)

4) Vaccination, screening programs

5) Infection control and anti-microbial resistance

HaDPop (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions