4.2 - C - Biodiversity Flashcards

Question

Explain the method of the mark, release and recapture technique

Answer 1

Allows you to estimate population size of a species. 1. Capture sample of animals 2. mark them ‐ the total number captured = C1 3. Release animals 4. (re)trap/(re)capture another sample using the same method for validity Number captured = C2 Number recaptured = C3 5. Calculate total population = (C1 x C2)/C3

Answer 2

Mice, butterflies, birds

Answer 3

Where and how the individuals will be marked ‐ this must not cause harm e.g. butterflies ‐ not on wings (flight), not on top of body (predation)

Answer 4

Some animals being trapped with Longworth traps may become 'trap happy' and learn that the trap gives them food and safety from predation and become more likely to return to traps ‐ gives overestimation of population size (data is not representative)

Answer 5

Set grid/area to be sampled Use random numbers generated by a computer to locate the areas you will randomly sample Pick appropriate capture method CHOSE ONE e.g. sweep nets, pooters, pitfalls etc Identify each sp. using a key and count the numbers of each sp. Repeat this several times in each habitat, using the same technique each time to show repeatability and identify anomalies Extrapolate the data to estimate biodiversity in the entire habitat

Answer 6

A version of a gene

Answer 7

The position of that gene in a chromosome

Answer 8

A locus that has more than 2 alleles

Answer 9

A measure of diversity of a habitat | D = 1 (E(n/N)^2)

Answer 10

If D is closer to 1 - the area is more biodiverse | If D is closer to 0 - the area is less biodiverse

Answer 11

Higher species richness + higher species evenness = higher biodiversity

Answer 12

Significant, long-lasting changes in weather patterns

Answer 13

A crop consisting of one strain of one species

Answer 14

Human population growth Agriculture (monoculture) Climate change

Answer 15

More food and land needed -this is achieved by: Altering ecosystems and destroying habitats, Using up natural resources, More energy sources and materials needed = pollution, Over hunting/fishing

Answer 16

Changes to temperatures and rainfall Some species with low genetic diversity unable to adapt to climate changes Species could migrate to areas they are more suited to Diseases will migrate - e.g. diseases confined to warmer climates may spread to Europe

Answer 17

The precision of results collected by different people using equivalent equipment in different places over a wider period of time.

Answer 18

The precision of results collected by one person with the same equipment on the same day.

Answer 19

An estimate of the range of values within which the true value is thought to lie. This is normally expressed e.g. 44.0 ± 0.4.

Answer 20

A species that has a disproportionately large effect on its environment relative to its abundance

Answer 21

The loss of soil fertility caused by removal of minerals by continuous cropping

Answer 22

Interdependence of organisms | Genetic resource

Answer 23

``` It regulates the atmosphere and climate It purifies fresh water It forms and fertilises soil It recycles nutrients It detoxifies and recycles wastes Crop pollination Growth of timber, food and fuel It can bring about the discovery of molecules with potential as medicines ```

Answer 24

Where no members of a species remain and it ceases to exist

Answer 25

Likely to become extinct as the species numbers have become low due to man-made or natural changes in the environment

Answer 26

Maintaining biodiversity between species, genetic diversity within species and a variety of habitats and ecosystems

Answer 27

In situ and ex situ

Answer 28

Conserving a species in its natural habitat and attempting to minimise human impact on the natural environment and protecting the natural environment.

Answer 29

Ban hunting Create protected reserves Provide breeding sites Prevent habitat destruction Monitoring of species e.g. with tagging Feeding programmes Educate tourists on not feeding wild animals and not dropping litter etc Promotion of ecotourism to generate money to help with preservation in case the population falls again, create sperm and egg banks

Answer 30

Conserving species in their natural habitat Conditions and food etc that they require for survival already present – cheaper than ex situ Species are already well adapted to living in habitat No special provisions need to be made Can create protected reserves Can ensure sustainable use of environment including land and resources Allows for scientific research of ecosystem etc Permanently protects biodiversity in area and whole ecosystems Creates areas of interest for ecotourists

Answer 31

There may be threats to the survival of the species in this area e.g. predation, hunting Human activity could threaten species in wild e.g. hunting deforestation Disease could threaten survival of species Species could be outcompeted by other species

Answer 32

Comprehensiveness - how many species are represented in the area and what are the prevailing environmental conditions? Adequacy - is the area large enough to provide for the long-term survival of all the species, populations and communities represented? Representativeness - is there a full range of diversity within each species and each set of environmental conditions?

Answer 33

Conserving an endangered species by activities that take place outside its normal environment

Answer 34

Natural habitat destroyed or under threat from climate change human activity e.g. deforestation If the population in natural habitat is very low If reproduction in the wild is difficult e.g. if numbers are low

Answer 35

Breeding ex situ can maintain genetic diversity Allows protection from competition / grazers (plants), poachers (animals) Allows protection from disease

Answer 36

Health of individuals can be monitored and treated for disease to ensure survival Young can be hand reared which reduces mortality of young Provision of mates for breeding can be manipulated Protection from hunting and predation Competition reduced between individuals

Answer 37

Expensive Often animals don’t breed successfully due to: captive stress, they experience altered breeding cycles, don’t have a compatible mate Space is limited: limiting the number of individuals kept which limits the genetic diversity, lack of genetic variation which could lead to inbreeding Can be difficult to reintroduce species to the wild as: the animals may become too tame and not be afraid of humans, may be unable to reintegrate into the wild population, may have difficulties finding food for themselves, may face predation, habitats may have been destroyed

Answer 38

To maintain genetic diversity To maintain plants for future or currently unknown uses To counteract extinction or prevent inbreeding

Answer 39

They can be stored in huge numbers for a long period of time

Answer 40

``` Most plants produce an excess So can be collected from wild without damaging wild population Take up little space Able to store large numbers Easy and cheap to transport Remaining viable for long periods Less susceptible to disease / pests ```

Answer 41

Collection of wild seeds may disturb environment Collected samples may not be representative of genetic diversity of species Seeds from one area may not survive in different area Seeds stored for a long time may not stay viable Asexually bred plants will have no genetic variation – reducing biodiversity

Answer 42

Ensure that seeds are germinated from time to time Ensure new seeds are produced Freeze seeds Dehydrate seeds

Answer 43

Ensure you have many seeds Collect seeds from many areas Ensure the seeds have a mixture of genotypes

Answer 44

Convention on International Trade un Endangered Species of wild flora and fauna

Answer 45

An international agreement by most of the world’s governments. Its overall aim is to ensure international trade in wildlife does not threaten their survival.

Answer 46

Conservation of biodiversity Regulate, monitor and prevent trade in endangered species Ensure trade does not endanger wild populations Prohibit commercial trade in wild plants Allow some trade in less endangered plants and animals Allow trade in artificially propagated plants

Answer 47

Countries in agreement make it illegal to poach species Place ban on trade of endangered species Increase cooperation between countries Increase awareness of impact of illegal trade

Answer 48

An international agreement by 150 governments Its overall aim is to promote sustainable development It recognises human needs for food, land, medicine, clean environment as well as need for maintaining biodiversity

Answer 49

Conservation of biodiversity Sustainable use of organisms / habitats / ecosystems Share genetic resources Share access to scientific knowledge Promoting ex situ conservation methods (to complement in situ measures) Raising profile of biodiversity with governments / general public International cooperation on biodiversity issues

Answer 50

A scheme to encourage farmers and landowners to manage parts of their land in a way that promotes conservation. It was introduced in 1991 and funds were given to people to help achieve this goal.

Answer 51

The Environmental Stewardship Scheme in 2005. | It provides funding to farmers and landowners in England to deliver effective environmental management on their land.