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Biology > 3.2 - B - Transport In Animals > Flashcards

3.2 - B - Transport In Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Define transport

A

The movement of substances such as oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste and heat around the body

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2
Q

What is the difference between a double circulatory system and a single circulatory system?

A

Double - blood has to flow through the heart twice for each circuit of the body
Single - blood flows through the heart once for each circuit of the body

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3
Q

What are the 3 main factors that influence the need for a transport system?

A

Size
SA:V
Level of metabolic activity

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4
Q

What are the differences in circulatory system between fish and mammals?

A

Fish have a single circulatory system

Mammals have a double circulatory system

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5
Q

What will an effective transport system (3) and an efficient transport system (2) include?

A

Effective - A fluid/medium to carry nutrients, oxygen and waste around the body (blood)
Pump to create pressure that will push the fluid around the body (heart)
Exchange surface that enable substances to enter and exit blood (capillaries)
Efficient - Tubes or vessels to carry the blood by mass flow
2 circuits, one to pick up oxygen the other to deliver it

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6
Q

Explain what an open circulatory system consists of

A

A heart that pumps blood through short vessels into a large body cavity. The blood bathes the cells and tissues where substances are exchanged with the cells. The blood then returns to the heart through pores called ostla.
Most suitable for smaller organisms (eg. insects)

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7
Q

Explain what a closed circulatory system consists of

A

From the heart, blood is pumped through a series of progressively smaller vessels. Capillaries are where exchange happens. Blood is then returned to the heart through a series of progressively larger vessels. More suitable for larger animals (mammals fish).
The tissue fluid bathes the cells instead

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8
Q

What is the pulmonary circuit?

A

Part of the double circulatory system - carries blood to and from the lungs and heart to become oxygenised

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9
Q

What is the systemic circuit?

A

Part of the double circulatory system - carries blood containing oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells and removes waste (carbon dioxide)

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10
Q

What are the advantages of a double circulatory system?

A

Blood can be maintained at a higher pressure in the systematic circuit so it is delivered quicker.
Slightly lower pressure can be maintained in the pulmonary circuit to prevent damage to capillaries of the lungs.

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11
Q

Define artery

A

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart

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12
Q

Define arteriole

A

Small blood vessels that distribute blood from an artery to the capillaries

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13
Q

Define capillary

A

Very small vessels with very thin walls

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14
Q

Define closed circulatory system

A

One in which the blood is held in vessels

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15
Q

Define open circulatory system

A

One in which the blood is not held in vessels

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16
Q

Define vein

A

Vessels that carry blood back to the heart

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17
Q

Define venule

A

Small blood vessels that collect blood from capillaries and lead into the veins

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18
Q

Define endothelium

A

A tissues that lines the inside of a structure

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19
Q

What do arteries have more of than veins?

A

Smooth muscle

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20
Q

What is considered the main feature (and difference from arteries) of veins and what is its purpose?

A

Valves to stop them moving backwards due to low pressure in them

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21
Q

Give 4 reasons why closed circulatory systems are better than open ones

A

Higher pressure, so blood can flow quicker
More rapid delivery of oxygen and nutrients
More rapid removal of carbon dioxide and other wastes
Transport is independent of body movement

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22
Q

What are the 3 layers of an artery wall? Explain their purposes

A

Inner layer - a thin layer of elastic tissue which allows the wall to stretch and recoil
Middle layer - a thick layer of smooth muscle
Outer layer - a relatively thick layer of collagen and elastic tissue. It provides strength to withstand the high pressure, and recoil to maintain the pressure

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23
Q

What is collagen and what does it do?

A

The most abundant protein in the human body. A long, fibrous structural protein that supports tissues and gives structure to individual cells.

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24
Q

Define blood

A

The fluid used to transport materials around the body

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25
Define hydrostatic pressure
The pressure that a fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel or container
26
Define lymph
The fluid held in the lymphatic system, which is a system of tubes that returns excess tissue fluid to the blood system
27
Define oncotic pressure
The pressure created by the osmotic effects of the solutes
28
Define plasma
The fluid portion of the blood
29
Define tissue fluid
The fluid surrounding the cells and tissues
30
What are 3 types of fluid?
Blood Tissue fluid Lymph
31
List the 9 components that are found in blood
Erythrocytes, Neutrophils, Platelets, Large proteins, Glucose, Amino acids, Oxygen (Some) fats (Little) carbon dioxide
32
List the 7 components found in tissue fluid
``` Neutrophils (Some) large proteins (Some, if any) fats (Less - respired) glucose (Less - cells use) amino acids (Less - respired) oxygen (More - released) carbon dioxide ```
33
List the 8 components found in lymph
``` Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Fats, Carbon dioxide (Some) large proteins (Little) glucose (Few) amino acids (Little) oxygen ```
34
List and define the 2 types of valves found in the heart
Atrio-ventricular valves - valves between the atria and ventricles, which ensure that blood flows in the correct direction Semilunar valves - valves that prevent blood re-entering the heart from the arteries
35
Define cardiac muscle
Specialised muscle found in the walls of the heart chambers
36
What are the 2 types of atrio-ventricular valve, how many flaps are there and where are they found?
LA to LV - 2 flaps of tissue - Bicuspid valve | RA to RC - 3 flaps of tissue -Tricuspid valve
37
Explain the route of blood around the heart, starting with the vena cava
From vena cava (inferior and superior) into right atrium then right ventricle, up the pulmonary artery to the lungs, back via pulmonary vein, left atrium then left ventricle, out of aorta to body
38
What do coronary arteries do?
Supply blood to the heart muscle
39
What is the name of the wall that separates the 2 sides of heart?
Septum
40
Which ventricle has the bigger muscle and why?
Left ventricle, blood needs to be pumped the whole way round the body instead of just to the lungs
41
What part of the heart has the thinnest walls and why?
Atria - low pressure and doesn’t need to pumped anywhere
42
What is the cardiac cycle?
The sequence of events in one full beat of the heart
43
What are the 3 parts of the cardiac cycle?
Diastole Atrial systole Ventricular systole
44
Explain what happens in diastole
Atria and ventricles relax and recoil Blood flows from veins into atria, meaning pressure in the ventricles is lower than in atria. Blood flows through open A‐V valves into ventricles. The volume in the atria and ventricles increase and therefore the pressure in atria and ventricles slowly increases aswell
45
Explain what happens in atrial systole
Both atria contract, this causes further increase in pressure in the atria. Increase in pressure causes blood to be pumped through the open A‐V valves into the ventricles (causing the volume in the ventricles to increase)
46
Explain what happens in ventricular systole
When the ventricles are full, they begin to contract (from the apex upwards) The pressure in the ventricles increases above the pressure in the atria. The A‐V valves snap shut which stops blood returning to atria. At this point the semilunar valves are also shut as the pressure in the major arteries is higher than in the ventricles. The pressure in the ventricles increases quickly as the blood can't escape. When the pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressure in the major arteries, the semilunar valves open and the blood is pumped out of the heart due to this pressure. The volume in the ventricles then drops quickly. This causes pressure to drop in the ventricles, below the pressure of the major arteries which causes semilunar valves to be pushed closed by blood in the arteries and stop it flowing back into ventricles.
47
When are the atrioventricular valves closed?
When the pressure is higher in the ventricles than the atria
48
When are the semilunar valves closed?
When the pressure is higher in the major arteries is greater than the pressure in the ventricles
49
What is the purpose of the tendious cords?
They stop the valves inverting
50
Explain the “lub-dub” motion
The first, louder “lub” is the A-V valves slapping shut | The second, quieter “dub” is the semilunar valves closing
51
Out of the 3 stages of the cardiac cycle, when is the ventricular pressure highest?
Ventricular systole
52
Define bradycardia
A slow heart rhythm
53
What is an ectopic heartbeat?
An extra beat or an early beat of the ventricles
54
What is an electrocardiogram?
A trade that records the electrical activity of the heart
55
Define fibrillation
An uncoordinated contraction of the atria and ventricles
56
What is a myogenic muscle?
Muscle that can initiate its own contractions
57
Define purkyne tissue
It consists of specially adapted muscle fibres that conduct the wave of excitation from the AVN down the septum to the ventricles
58
What is the bundle of His?
It transmits impulses from the atrioventricular node, located at the inferior end of the interatrial septum, to the ventricles of the heart. These fibers distribute the impulse to the ventricular muscle.
59
What is the sino-atrial node?
The SAN - The heart’s pacemaker. It is a small patch of tissue that sends out waves of electrical excitation at regular intervals in order to initiate contractions
60
Define tachycardia
A fast/rapid heart rhythm
61
What does the SAN do and where is it found?
Creates a wave of excitation (electrical energy) | The top of the right atrium
62
What does the atrio-ventricular node do and where is it found?
The AVN delays the wave of excitation
63
Describe the journey of a wave of excitation
SAN across atria to AVN - contract Pause, down purkuyne tissue to inter-ventricular septum Moves back up from base (apex) as ventricle contract from the bottom
64
Define sinus rhythm
Normal rhythm
65
Define atrial fibrillation
Atria besting more frequently than ventricles - no clear P waves
66
What piece of equipment allows us to monitor electrical activity of the heart?
An electrocardiogram (ECG)
67
What does the the P wave show?
The excitation of the atria
68
What does the QRS complex show?
The excitation of the ventricles (ventricular stimulation)
69
What does the T wave show?
Diastole
70
Define affinity
A strong attraction
71
Define dissociation
The breakdown of a molecule into 2 molecules | oxyhaemoglobin into oxygen and haemoglobin
72
Define fetal haemoglobin
The type of haemoglobin usually found only in the fetus
73
What is haemoglobin?
The red pigment used to transport oxygen in the blood
74
Where is haemoglobin found?
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
75
Explain the structure of haemoglobin
A complex protein with 4 subunits (2 alpha minus, 2 beta minus) Each subunit consists of a polypeptide chain and a haem (non-protein) The haem groups contain 1 Fe 2+ each which has an affinity for oxygen Each one can attract and holds 1 oxygen molecule
76
Define partial pressure
The amount of pressure exerted by a gas relative to the total pressure exerted by all the gases in the mixture
77
Define oxygen tension
Equivalent to the concentration of oxygen in an area e.g. tissues. It is the proportion of the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases produced by oxygen
78
What is partial pressure measured in?
Kilopascals (kPa)
79
What is the graph regarding haemoglobin called?
The oxygen dissociation curve
80
How is fetal haemoglobin different from adult haemoglobin and how does this affect the association graph?
Fetal haemoglobin has a higher affinity for a oxygen | Moves to the left
81
Define carbonic anhydrase
The enzyme that catalyses the combination of carbon dioxide and water
82
What is a chloride shift?
The movement of chloride ions into the erythrocytes to balance the charge as hydrogen-carbonate ions leave the cell
83
What is the Bohr effect?
The effect that extra carbon dioxide has on the haemoglobin, explaining the release of more oxygen
84
Define haemoglobonic acid
The compound formed by the buffering action of haemoglobin as it combines with excess hydrogen ions
85
Explain the use/association of carbon dioxide in the body
5% dissolves in plasma 10% combines with haemoglobin to form carbaminohaemoglobin 85% in the form of hydrogencarbonate ions (HCO^3-) in the plasma
86
Explain how carbonic acid is formed (part 1)
The carbon dioxide in the blood plasma fuses into the erythrocytes and combines with the water. The reaction is catalysed by the carbonic anhydrase enzyme
87
Explain the process of haemoglobonic acid being formed (part 2)
The carbonic acid dissociates to release hydrogen ions and hydrogencarbonate ions. The hydrogencarbonate ions diffuse out of the red blood cell. This is controlled by the chloride shift. Meanwhile, the oxyhemoglobin dissociates due to low partial pressure. The oxygen is released into the blood plasma and the haemoglobin reacts with the hydrogen to form haemoglobonic acid
88
How do hydrogen ions impact conditions in red blood cells and what prevents this effect?
It makes it acidic | The chloride shift
89
What is a conformational change?
A slight change in the shape of the haemoglobin molecule, caused by an oxygen molecule entering the haemoglobin molecule associating with one of the haem groups
90
What does a greater partial pressure and a lower partial pressure of carbon dioxide have on an oxygen dissociation curve?
Higher - shallower line | Lower - steeper line
91
Define myoglobin
Used as an oxygen reserve. Releases last of the oxygen if in a suffocation scenario in order to give the body a few more seconds

Biology (25 decks)

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