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Immunology > 4.2 Allergy and autoimmunity > Flashcards

4.2 Allergy and autoimmunity Flashcards

1
Q

allergy:

A

inappropriate immune response to harmless foreign antigen

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2
Q

allergy: 2 types of reactions

A

1) systemic allergic reaction
2) localized allergic reaction

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3
Q

localized allergic reaction

A

reaction at site of exposure
- skin
- respiratory tract
- GI tract

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4
Q

Type 1 allergic disease:

A
  • Most common
  • IgE mediated
  • immediate-type hypersensitivity​
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5
Q

Type Iv allergic disease:

A
  • T cell mediated
  • delayed -type
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6
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity spectrum​ of severity:

A
  • Urticaria: skin
    Can progress to:
  • Angioedema: subcutaneous tissue/ swelling
    Can progress to:
  • Anaphylaxis: Fatal
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7
Q

Therapy for systemic hypersensativity​:

A
  • Epinephrine (epi-pen)
  • antihistamines (relieve fever, hives)
  • steroids (dexamethasone, prednisolone)

*Often administered intravenously​

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8
Q

Allergic skin disease​:

A

Most common type 1 hypersensitivity:
- flea allergic dermatitis
- atopic dermatitis
- feline eosinophilic granuloma complex
- sweet itch in horses

  • sometimes in Type IV ( allergic contact dermatitis
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9
Q

Flea-allergic dermatitis:

A
  • Type 1 hypersensitivity​ in antigenic components in flea saliva
  • dogs scratch
  • cats overgroom - hair loss is common sign
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10
Q

Canine atopic dermatisis:

A
  • allergic reaction to environment allergens
  • dogs become very itchy and cause secondary trauma
  • often opportunistic infection also present
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11
Q

Sweet itch in horses:

A
  • allergic reaction to midge bites
  • often affect the dorsum of the tail base
  • intensely​ itchy
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12
Q

Allergy testing types:

A
  • intradermal skin test
  • serology blood test (allercept)
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13
Q

Problem with allergy test?

A

is making sure that the test is picking up igE because igE is the antibody associated with type 1 hypersensitivity​

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14
Q

Allergic respiratory disease:
- cats
-dogs
- horses

A

cats: asthma
dogs: allergic bronchitis
horses: inflammatory airway disease

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15
Q

inflammatory airway disease​ in horses:

A
  • allergic response to mmoldspores in crappy hay
  • coughing, wheezing, exercise intolerance
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16
Q

Immune-mediated GIT disease:

A
  • Gluten sensitive​
  • IBD
17
Q

Gluten-sensitive​​ enteropathy:

A
  • Hypersensitivity to gluten in the ​diet
  • chronic diarrhea and weight loss
  • common in Irish setter
18
Q

IBD:

A

inappropriate immune reactivity to protein in diet or antigen coming from microbial flora

19
Q

Mucosal immunity: viruses and bacteria

A
  • Gut is exposed to the virus and bacteria and antigen stimulates a response that generates secretory igA
  • is​ transported across the ​mucosal epithelium and forms a neutralization barrier
20
Q

mucosal immunity: parasite

A
  • igE is stimulated and binds to tissue mast cells and protects from parasites trying to get through epithelium
21
Q

mucosal tolerance: harmless antigen

A
  • dietary protein or antigen from microflora
  • expect to see tolerance and production of regulatory T cells that produce immunosuppressive cytokines that switch​ off immune repsonse
22
Q

Underlying causes of IBD:

A
  • increased intestinal permeability ( more antigen gets across)
  • to much IgE produced against harmless antigen
  • IGA Deficiency
  • Poor T regulatory cell response
  • defective innate immune response to bacteria
23
Q

Ciclosporin =

A

immunosuppressive​ drug

24
Q

For autoimmune disease to happen:

A
  • a ​breakdown intolerance​e to self antigen
  • failure to regulate pathological immune response
25
Q

Susceptibility to autoimmune disease:

A
  • genetic factor (MHC genes play a critical role)
  • Hormonal factors ( progesterone and estrogen)
  • environmental factors ( stress, diet, vitamin D)
26
Q

IgE is associated with

A

allergic disease, NOT autoimmune disease

27
Q

Type II automimunity:

A
  • Production of igM or igG to cell surface antigens or extracellular proteins
  • autoimmune attack on target cell ( red blood cells, platlets)
  • autoimmune attack on protein function: antibodies against acetocolyine receptors in myasthenia gravis
28
Q

Type III autoimmunity:

A
  • antibody (igG) binding in solution
  • immune complex disease
  • deposition of Ag/Ab complexes in blood vessels
  • multisystemic immune-mediated disease
    ex: glomerulonephritis ( fluorscence )
29
Q

Type IV autoimmunity:

A

mediated by
- CD4 TH1 activating macrophages in the abscess of infection
- CD8 accidentally​ killing healthy cells that they think are virus but they arent

30
Q

Type IV autoimmunity: Rheumatoid arthris

A

Rheumatoid arthritis:
packed full of:
- macrophage
- T cells
- pro-inflammatory cytokines

when activated produce Pro-inflammatory​ cells and secrete collagenase​

31
Q

Articlar cartilage is made of ​

A

type II collagen

32
Q

What does collagenase do to collagen?

A

digest it

33
Q

Type IV autoimmunity: Hypothyroidism

A
  • lymphocytic thyroiditis
  • likely T-cell mediated
  • they think the thyroid gland is bad and then target and destroy thyroid
34
Q

Type IV autoimmunity: Keratoconjunctivitis sicca:

A
  • dry eye
  • immune-mediated destruction of lacrimal gland
  • probably T cell-mediated​
  • Treat with ciclosporin eye drops ( immunosuppressive)
35
Q

Treatment of autoimmune disease:

A
  • predinisolone: 1st tablet to use, use in high doses
  • Ciclosporin (atopica): interferes with T cell signaling
  • Azathioprine: treat rapidly dividing cells
  • Cyclophosphamide​: treat rapidly dividing cells

Immunology (10 decks)

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