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Immunology > 1.2 Haematopoiesis and blood cells > Flashcards

1.2 Haematopoiesis and blood cells Flashcards

1
Q

Main components of blood:

A
  • maintain homeostasis
  • transport system
  • facilitate endocrine signaling
  • transport gases
  • maintain integrity of vascular system
  • immunity and infection control
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2
Q

Liquid phase of blood:

A
  • wbc (infection control)
  • rbc (oxygen)
  • platelets
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3
Q

Prevents clotting:

A

Anti-coagulant

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4
Q

Buffy coat =

A

wbc and platelets

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5
Q

Packed cells =

A

rbc

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6
Q

Serum =

A

Plasma without clotting factors

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7
Q

Blood sample without anti-coagulant:

A
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8
Q

Blood sample with anti-coagulant:

A
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9
Q

Total body water =

A

60% of body weight
- ICF 40%
- ECF 20%

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10
Q

ECF:

A

Interstitial fluid (IF) : 80% of ECF
Plasma: 20% ECF

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11
Q

Milk fever and grass stagger are caused by?

A
  • Hypocalcemia (Ca in blood deficiency)
  • Hypomagnesium ( magnesium in blood deficiency)
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12
Q

Plasma proteins: (6)

A

Albumin, globulins, antibody, carrier proteins, hormones, cytokines

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13
Q

Where are your antibodies found?

A

Gamma globulins

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14
Q

Albumin:

A

Colloidal osmotic pressure in blood
- high pressure force fluid out of tissues

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15
Q

Immunoglobulin (antibody):

A
  • produced in lymphoid tissue
  • circulate in the blood to the tissues
  • immunological defense system
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16
Q

Nutrient products of metabolism:

A
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • lipids / fatty acid
  • Vitamins (micronutrients)
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17
Q

Waste products of metabolism:

A
  • urea (nitrogenous waste)
  • ketones
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18
Q

Hematopoiesis:

A

Blood cell formation
- starts in yolk sac
- shifts to fetal liver me spleen into utero
- bone marrow post-partum

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19
Q

Main blood cell production system:

A

Hematopoiesis

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20
Q

Is a major Hematopotic organ?

A

Bone marrow

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21
Q

What does the bone marrow produce?

A

Production of RBCs, WBCs & platelets from precursor stem cells

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22
Q

Erythroprotein (EPO)

A

Hormone that increases production of rbc through kidneys

23
Q

__ and __ tel the bone marrow how many wbc’s to produce

A

Hormone and cytokines

24
Q

Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is produced by

A
  • activated macrophages and regulates the number of WBCs produced
  • During infection the bone marrow is ordered to increase supplies of frontline troops.
25
Q

Red blood cell appearance:

A
  • Biconcave discs with high surface area : volume ratio
26
Q

Rbc in mammals:

A

Lack nucleus and mitochondria / organelles in mammals

27
Q

Rbcs in birds and reptiles =

A

Nucleated rbcs

28
Q

Hemoglobin:

A
  • Two alpha and beta protein chains
  • Haem group contains iron (Fe) ×4
  • Gaseous exchange: (Carries O2 from lungs to tissues
29
Q

Why is carbon monoxide so dangerous?

A

Carbon monoxide binds irreversibly to haem blocking O2 transport
- O2 can no longer be carried

30
Q

Erythrocyte lineage

A

-Synthesis of haemoglobin
-Shutdown of cellular function
- Ejection of nucleus
- Contraction to small biconcaved shape

31
Q

Red blood cell turnover:

A

Once past cell life date they are removed by liver and spleen

32
Q

Haemoglobin turnover

A
33
Q

Jaundice = increase in

A

Bilirubin

34
Q

Jaundice: pre-hepatic

A

Increased rbc destruction

35
Q

Jaundice: hepatic

A

Liver disease

36
Q

Jaundice: post-hepatic

A

Biliary stasis / blockage

37
Q

Increased PCV / Harmatocrit can be caused by?

A

Dehydration
– Reduced circulating volume (plasma

Polycythemia vera
– Often from tumour in Bone marrow
or kidney (EPO)

38
Q

Reduced PCV =

A

Anaemia

39
Q

Regenerative anaemia

A

– Increased RBC loss (haemorrhage)
– Increased RBC destruction (haemolysis)

40
Q

Non-regenerative anaemia

A

– Decreased RBC production
• Bone marrow disease
• Systemic disease impacting on BM function

41
Q

Regenerative anaemia: Evidence of bone marrow response to RBC deficiency

A

Immature RBCs are released prematurely
– Bigger than normal
– Less Hb than normal
– May still have organelles (reticulocytes)
– May still have nucleus/remnant (normoblast)
**may differ in size and color

42
Q

Feline regenerative anaemia: Mycoplasma hemofelis

A

Regenerative anemia

43
Q

Feline Non-regenerative anaemia: Chronic renal failure

A
44
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes) are produced by?

A

Produced from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow by cytoplasmic budding

45
Q

Haemostasis

A
  • Platelets adhere to damaged endothelium to form a ‘platelet plug’
  • Activated platelets release vasoactive mediators (e.g. serotonin)
  • Release of clotting factors – Fibrinogen > Fibrin
46
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A
  • antibodies attack platelets
  • Consumption of platelets during haemorrhage
  • Increased destruction (immune-mediated)
  • Reduced production (BM defect)
  • Clotting disorder
47
Q

White blood cells (leucocytes)

A
  • Neutrophils ( most common)
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils ( least common)
  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes
48
Q

Neutrophil

A
  • Major role in acute inflammation and bacterial infection
  • Granulocytes with a multilobed nucleus
  • Various granules containing anti-microbial factors
49
Q

Eosinophil:

A
  • typically seen in helminth infections and allergy
    – Pro-inflammatory cytokines
  • Granulocytes that stain red with eosin dye
50
Q

Basophil

A

Relatively rare WBCs
- Granules contain:
– Histamine
– Proteases (e.g. chymase, tryptase)
– Pro-inflammatory cytokines
– Chemokines

51
Q

Tissue mast cell:

A
  • Similar to basophil but resident in tissues
  • Express receptors for IgE
  • Degranulate to release histamine, proteases and inflammatory cytokines/chemokines
  • Important cells for parasite defence and also involved in allergic inflammation
52
Q

Monocyte

A
  • immature cell
  • Travels from bone marrow to tissues
  • Exits blood and differentiates into macrophage or dendritic cell (see later)
53
Q

Lymphocyte:

A
  • Small cells with round nucleus and little cytoplasm
    – T cells = cell-mediated immunity
    – B cells = antibody-mediated immunity

**Lymphopenia is part of ‘stress leukogram’ and also seen in acute viral infection

Immunology (10 decks)

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