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Immunology > 2.2 Principles of adaptive immunity to infection > Flashcards

2.2 Principles of adaptive immunity to infection Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiate in bone marrow

A

Lymphocytes:
- T cells
- B cells

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2
Q

Differentiate in thymus?

A

T cells:
CD4 T cells
CD8 T cells

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3
Q

Differentiate in secondary-lymphoid tissues ?

A

CD4 T cells:
- helper T cells
- regulatory T cells

CD8 T cells:
- Killer T cells

B cells:
- antibodies

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4
Q

How do B cells detect antigen?

A

B cell receptor detects whole antigen (protein) on the surface of pathogens in the ECF

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5
Q

How T cells detect antigen?

A

detects digested antigen fragments (peptides) ‘displayed’ on the surface of other cells in association with MHC molecules

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6
Q

B cells secrete ?

A

Antibodies

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7
Q

T cells secrete?

A

Cytokines

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8
Q

T Cell mediated immunity: antigen is brought to lymphoid tissues by?

A

Dendritic cell -here it is processed and presented

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9
Q

Dendritic cells originate from ?

A

Monocytes
- express PRR

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10
Q

How do T cells enter lymphoid tissues?

A

Via HEVs ( High epithelial valves)
- once here they examine dendritic cells present in paracortex

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11
Q

T cells expess:

A

TCRs that recognize foreign peptides displayed by carrier molecules known as Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

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12
Q

Immunological synapse:

A

Gets info about innate immune system to adaptive immune system about what pathogen is present

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13
Q

MHC Class I molecules present peptide fragments of antigen from the

A

Cytoplasm
Ex: ICF/ cytoplasmic antigens

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14
Q

MHC Class II molecules present peptide fragments of
antigen from the

A

Tissue fluid
Ex ECF antigen

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15
Q

CD8+ T cells are only allowed to interact with

A

MHC Class I : peptides
– Detect intracellular infection

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16
Q

CD4+ T cells are only allowed to interact with

A

MHC Class II : peptides
– Detect extracellular infection

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17
Q

When naïve T cells are first activated they

A

proliferate: CLONAL EXPANSION

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18
Q

CD8+ T cells differentiate into

A

Killer T cells
– aka cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) (marines)

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19
Q

CD4+ T cells have a choice for differentiation:

A

– HELPER T cells (infantry)
– REGULATORY T cells (military police)

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20
Q

Naive T cells:

A
  • in ‘SURVEILLANCE MODE’
  • They move around the body in search of antigen which is trapped in the secondary lymphoid organs
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21
Q

TH1 help

A

Macrophages

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22
Q

TH2 help

A

B cells make antibody

23
Q

CD4+ T lymphocytes jobs (2):

A
  • Some T helper cells make cytokines to activate macrophages
  • Other T helper cells make cytokines to activate B cells
24
Q

Important in vesicular infections where pathogens deliberately infect macrophages
– e.g. mycobacteria such as TB
– Interferon gamma is required to ‘hulkify’ your macrophages

A

CD4 TH1 cells

25
Q

CD4+ TH2 cells are important for production of

A

Antibodies:
- produce cytokines (such as IL-4) to tell the B cells which type of antibody to secrete
– IgG vs IgA vs IgE

26
Q

Regulatory T cell produce

A

immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-10

27
Q

Plasma cells

A

antibody secreting factories

28
Q

Where to plasma cells develop and migrate?

A
  • Develop in germinal centers in lymph node secondary follicles
  • They migrate to medullary cords of LNs where they secrete antibody into efferent lymph> blood
    ** some migrate to the bone marrow and produce antibody directly into bloodstream
29
Q

Where do plasma cells remain?

A

In the lymph nodes - they fire antibody out into circulation that act at the site of infection

30
Q

Basic structure of antibody:

A
  • 2 light chains
  • 2 heavy chains
31
Q

What happens once the antibody finds its target?

A
  • neutralization: antibody prevents adherence
  • opsonization: antibody promotes phagocytosis
  • complement activation: antibody activates complement, which lyses bacteria
32
Q
A

IgG

33
Q
A

IgD

34
Q
A

IgE

35
Q
A

IgA

36
Q
A

IgM

37
Q

Which immunoglobulins are be cell receptors?

A
  • IgD
  • IgM
38
Q

Which immunoglobulins are associated with antibody?

A
  • IgM
  • IgG
  • IgA
  • IgE
39
Q

What is the first antibody produced in the immune system?

A

IgM

40
Q

IgM:

A
  • Pentamer – binds 10 antigens at once
  • Agglutinin
  • Good at triggering the complement cascade
41
Q

When is IgG produced?

A

Produced after receiving TH2-cell help – CLASS-SWITCHING

42
Q

IgG:

A
  • Neutralising antibody in viral infection
  • Enhances phagocytosis of bacteria
  • Triggers complement activation
43
Q

Where is IgA produced?

A

Produced by B cells in the MALT and secretes onto mucosal surface as a dimer

44
Q

IgA:

A
  • Important neutralising antibody for protection of GIT and respiratory tract
  • Important component of colostrum and milk for neonatal health
45
Q

Where is IgE produced?

A

Produced by B cells in response to parasite infections

46
Q

IgE:

A
  • Binds to receptors on the surface of mast cells
  • Enhances parasite killing response
  • most specialized
47
Q

Mast cells have receptors for

A

IgE a recognition triggers degranulation of cells

48
Q

is produced to neutralise viruses and aid in response to bacteria (enhanced phagocytosis and complement activation)

A

Igg

49
Q

is produced for mucosal defence (neutralising antibody)

A

IgA

50
Q

is produced for anti-parasite defence to aid mast cell response (assist degranulation)

A

IgE

51
Q

Lag phase:

A

Antibody negative during LAG phase (first 5-7 days)

52
Q

Log phase:

A

IgM > IgG = recent exposure (7-14 days previously)

53
Q

Plateau phase of IgG:

A

Can last months / years

Immunology (10 decks)

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