4.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

maturation

A

the process of learning to cope & react in an emotionally appropriate way

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2
Q

schema

A

the concept/framework that organizes the information

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3
Q

assimilation

A

the cognitive process of fitting new information into existing cognitive schemas/understandings

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4
Q

accomodation

A

the process of altering/ adjusting old schemas to fit new information & experiences

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5
Q

Jean Piget

A

Swiss psychologist most famous for his theories on cognitive development in children

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6
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

from birth to 2 years old children learn about & start to understand the world around them by coordinating their sensory experiences with their motor behaviors

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7
Q

object permanence

A

a child’s ability to understand that objects still exist after they are no longer in sight

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8
Q

preoperational stage

A

one of Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development. Infants between the ages of 18 and 24 months acquire the ability to visualize objects and events mentally

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9
Q

egocentrism

A

an inability on the part of a child in the preoperational stage of development to see any point of view other than their own.

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10
Q

theory of mind

A

the ability humans have to recognize and attribute mental states not only in themselves but in other people, and to understand that feelings and beliefs we have may be different than others.

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11
Q

concrete operational stage

A

(from about 7 to 12 years of age) children gain the abilities and mental operations that allow them to think logically about concrete events such as mathematical operations and principles, and conservation.

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12
Q

formal operational stage

A

a stage a 12 year old reaches that allows them to think logically about abstract concepts.

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13
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

was a Russian psychologist most known for the social development theory

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14
Q

zone of proximal development

A

the range of tasks that are too difficult for a person to learn alone, but can be learned with guidance from someone with experience in the task

(developed by Vygotsky)

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15
Q

stranger anxiety

A

a developmental situation in which infants become anxious and fearful around strangers

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16
Q

attachment (types A,B,C and D)

A

Secure - wary but calm with stranger as long as mother was present

Avoidant - Didn’t look at stranger or mother, seemed to be disinterested

Ambivalent - mixed; very upset by stranger regardless of mother’s presence. Demanded to be soothed by mother but at the same time pushed/kicker her away

Disorganized/disorientated - infant(s) seemed fearful and showed a dazed, depressed look on their faces; approached mother but didn’t make eye contact

17
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

a developmental psychologist who became known for her work concerning early emotional attachment of babies to their primary caregivers.

conducted the “Stranger Situation” experiment

18
Q

John Bowlby

A

was a British psychologist most known for the development of attachment theory

19
Q

critical period

A

a specific time during which environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant

20
Q

imprinting

A

the phenomenon that explains how infant animals attach themselves to or follow the first animal/person they see during the critical period immediately after birth.

21
Q

Konrad Lorenz

A

was an Austrian scientist who is known for his study on imprinting

22
Q

temperament

A

behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth (easy, difficult, slow to warm up)

23
Q

basic trust

A

a general sense that the world is predictable and reliable

according to Erik Erikson, it is formed by loving, sensitive, care givers

24
Q

self-concept

A

how we think of ourselves and how we should think, behave and act out our various life roles

25
Q

authoritarian parenting style

A

Strict parenting style; allows for little discussion or explanation of the rules placed on the child

26
Q

permissive parenting style

A

characterized by having few and inconsistent rules and a relaxed attitude to parenting that is more like a friend than a parent

27
Q

authoritative parenting style

A

a parenting style that is child-centered; parents closely interact with their children, while maintaining high expectations for behavior and performance

28
Q

gender development

A

? How we develop into our genders ?

29
Q

gender roles

A

a set of expectations held by society about the ways in which men and women are supposed to behave based on their gender

30
Q

testosterone

A

male sex hormone

31
Q

social learning theory

A

states that social behavior is learned primarily by observing and imitating the actions of others. The social behavior is also influenced, by being rewarded and/or punished for these actions