4.2 Flashcards
maturation
the process of learning to cope & react in an emotionally appropriate way
schema
the concept/framework that organizes the information
assimilation
the cognitive process of fitting new information into existing cognitive schemas/understandings
accomodation
the process of altering/ adjusting old schemas to fit new information & experiences
Jean Piget
Swiss psychologist most famous for his theories on cognitive development in children
sensorimotor stage
from birth to 2 years old children learn about & start to understand the world around them by coordinating their sensory experiences with their motor behaviors
object permanence
a child’s ability to understand that objects still exist after they are no longer in sight
preoperational stage
one of Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development. Infants between the ages of 18 and 24 months acquire the ability to visualize objects and events mentally
egocentrism
an inability on the part of a child in the preoperational stage of development to see any point of view other than their own.
theory of mind
the ability humans have to recognize and attribute mental states not only in themselves but in other people, and to understand that feelings and beliefs we have may be different than others.
concrete operational stage
(from about 7 to 12 years of age) children gain the abilities and mental operations that allow them to think logically about concrete events such as mathematical operations and principles, and conservation.
formal operational stage
a stage a 12 year old reaches that allows them to think logically about abstract concepts.
Lev Vygotsky
was a Russian psychologist most known for the social development theory
zone of proximal development
the range of tasks that are too difficult for a person to learn alone, but can be learned with guidance from someone with experience in the task
(developed by Vygotsky)
stranger anxiety
a developmental situation in which infants become anxious and fearful around strangers
attachment (types A,B,C and D)
Secure - wary but calm with stranger as long as mother was present
Avoidant - Didn’t look at stranger or mother, seemed to be disinterested
Ambivalent - mixed; very upset by stranger regardless of mother’s presence. Demanded to be soothed by mother but at the same time pushed/kicker her away
Disorganized/disorientated - infant(s) seemed fearful and showed a dazed, depressed look on their faces; approached mother but didn’t make eye contact
Mary Ainsworth
a developmental psychologist who became known for her work concerning early emotional attachment of babies to their primary caregivers.
conducted the “Stranger Situation” experiment
John Bowlby
was a British psychologist most known for the development of attachment theory
critical period
a specific time during which environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant
imprinting
the phenomenon that explains how infant animals attach themselves to or follow the first animal/person they see during the critical period immediately after birth.
Konrad Lorenz
was an Austrian scientist who is known for his study on imprinting
temperament
behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth (easy, difficult, slow to warm up)
basic trust
a general sense that the world is predictable and reliable
according to Erik Erikson, it is formed by loving, sensitive, care givers
self-concept
how we think of ourselves and how we should think, behave and act out our various life roles
authoritarian parenting style
Strict parenting style; allows for little discussion or explanation of the rules placed on the child
permissive parenting style
characterized by having few and inconsistent rules and a relaxed attitude to parenting that is more like a friend than a parent
authoritative parenting style
a parenting style that is child-centered; parents closely interact with their children, while maintaining high expectations for behavior and performance
gender development
? How we develop into our genders ?
gender roles
a set of expectations held by society about the ways in which men and women are supposed to behave based on their gender
testosterone
male sex hormone
social learning theory
states that social behavior is learned primarily by observing and imitating the actions of others. The social behavior is also influenced, by being rewarded and/or punished for these actions
