4.2

Question 1

maturation

Answer 1

the process of learning to cope & react in an emotionally appropriate way

Question 2

schema

Answer 2

the concept/framework that organizes the information

Question 3

assimilation

Answer 3

the cognitive process of fitting new information into existing cognitive schemas/understandings

Question 4

accomodation

Answer 4

the process of altering/ adjusting old schemas to fit new information & experiences

Question 5

Jean Piget

Answer 5

Swiss psychologist most famous for his theories on cognitive development in children

Question 6

sensorimotor stage

Answer 6

from birth to 2 years old children learn about & start to understand the world around them by coordinating their sensory experiences with their motor behaviors

Question 7

object permanence

Answer 7

a child’s ability to understand that objects still exist after they are no longer in sight

Question 8

preoperational stage

Answer 8

one of Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development. Infants between the ages of 18 and 24 months acquire the ability to visualize objects and events mentally

Question 9

egocentrism

Answer 9

an inability on the part of a child in the preoperational stage of development to see any point of view other than their own.

Question 10

theory of mind

Answer 10

the ability humans have to recognize and attribute mental states not only in themselves but in other people, and to understand that feelings and beliefs we have may be different than others.

Question 11

concrete operational stage

Answer 11

(from about 7 to 12 years of age) children gain the abilities and mental operations that allow them to think logically about concrete events such as mathematical operations and principles, and conservation.

Question 12

formal operational stage

Answer 12

a stage a 12 year old reaches that allows them to think logically about abstract concepts.

Question 13

Lev Vygotsky

Answer 13

was a Russian psychologist most known for the social development theory

Question 14

zone of proximal development

Answer 14

the range of tasks that are too difficult for a person to learn alone, but can be learned with guidance from someone with experience in the task

(developed by Vygotsky)

Question 15

stranger anxiety

Answer 15

a developmental situation in which infants become anxious and fearful around strangers

Question 16

attachment (types A,B,C and D)

Answer 16

Secure - wary but calm with stranger as long as mother was present

Avoidant - Didn’t look at stranger or mother, seemed to be disinterested

Ambivalent - mixed; very upset by stranger regardless of mother’s presence. Demanded to be soothed by mother but at the same time pushed/kicker her away

Disorganized/disorientated - infant(s) seemed fearful and showed a dazed, depressed look on their faces; approached mother but didn’t make eye contact

Question 17

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 17

a developmental psychologist who became known for her work concerning early emotional attachment of babies to their primary caregivers.

conducted the “Stranger Situation” experiment

Question 18

John Bowlby

Answer 18

was a British psychologist most known for the development of attachment theory

Question 19

critical period

Answer 19

a specific time during which environmental influences can have an impact on the development of the infant

Question 20

imprinting

Answer 20

the phenomenon that explains how infant animals attach themselves to or follow the first animal/person they see during the critical period immediately after birth.

Question 21

Konrad Lorenz

Answer 21

was an Austrian scientist who is known for his study on imprinting

Question 22

temperament

Answer 22

behavioral characteristics that are fairly well established at birth (easy, difficult, slow to warm up)

Question 23

basic trust

Answer 23

a general sense that the world is predictable and reliable

according to Erik Erikson, it is formed by loving, sensitive, care givers

Question 24

self-concept

Answer 24

how we think of ourselves and how we should think, behave and act out our various life roles

Question 25

authoritarian parenting style

Answer 25

Strict parenting style; allows for little discussion or explanation of the rules placed on the child

Question 26

permissive parenting style

Answer 26

characterized by having few and inconsistent rules and a relaxed attitude to parenting that is more like a friend than a parent

Question 27

authoritative parenting style

Answer 27

a parenting style that is child-centered; parents closely interact with their children, while maintaining high expectations for behavior and performance

Question 28

gender development

Answer 28

? How we develop into our genders ?

Question 29

gender roles

Answer 29

a set of expectations held by society about the ways in which men and women are supposed to behave based on their gender

Question 30

testosterone

Answer 30

male sex hormone

Question 31

social learning theory

Answer 31

states that social behavior is learned primarily by observing and imitating the actions of others. The social behavior is also influenced, by being rewarded and/or punished for these actions