4.2 Flashcards
Air enters the______ where it is warmed, filtered and humidified
nasal cavity
The _____ is a region of the respiratory tract that is shared with the digestive system
pharynx
The ____ contains the vocal folds necessary for sound production.
larynx
The _____ is found in the neck and upper portion of the thorax
trachea
The ______ is an unpaired cartilage that covers the laryngeal opening during swallowing.
epiglottis
The ____ is a bone that allows for skeletal muscle attachment.
hyoid
The ______ is the largest cartilage in the larynx.
thyroid cartilage
The ______ is the only cartilage of the respiratory tract that is a complete ring
cricoid cartilage
The ______ are 13-15 C-shaped cartilage rings.
tracheal cartilage
Is the following expiration or inspiration: Diaphragm moves superiorly
expiration
Is the following expiration or inspiration: ribs move down and in
expiration
Is the following expiration or inspiration: decrease in width of thorax
expiration
Is the following expiration or inspiration: internal intercostals contract
expiration
Is the following expiration or inspiration: diaphragm moves inferiorly
inspiration
Is the following expiration or inspiration: ribs move up and out
inspiration
Is the following expiration or inspiration: external intercostals contract
inspiration
Is the following expiration or inspiration: thorax increases in volume
inspiration
Put the structures of the lower respiratory tract in order, following the path air takes during inhalation.
Trachea—>Main bronchi—>lobar bronchi—> segmental bronchi —> terminal bronchioles —> alveoli
The ____ lung contains three lobes.
right
The ____ lung contains a cardiac notch.
left
The _____ is shorter, wider and more vertical.
right main bronchus
The _______ is a thin membrane that is fused to the surface of the lungs.
visceral pleura
The _____ is located at the bifurcation of the trachea.
carina
Alveoli are comprised of two types of cells. ____ cells are thin squamous cells. _____ cells are large cuboidal cells.
Type I;
Type II
The function of type I cells is to _______ while type II cells secrete _______.
allow gas exchange; surfactant
________ reduces surface tension in the alveolus.
surfactant
The_______ _______ separates the capillary blood from the alveolar air.
respiratory membrane
Gases diffuse across the respiratory membrane. Oxygen diffuses from the ______ and carbon dioxide diffuses from the _______
air to the blood;
blood to the air.
T/F: The alveoli never attain equal pressure with the ambient (outside) air.
False; The alveoli do attain equal pressure with ambient air.
During expiration decreased alveolar volume causes…
increased alveolar pressure
The result of the process of inspiration is..
Increased alveolar volume causes decreased alveolar pressure
Inspiration begins as…
the diaphragm contracts
T/F: As the volume in the alveoli increases, the pressure decreases.
True: As volume increases, pressure decreases.
T/F: CO2 is relatively high in the alveoli and is relatively low in the blood.
False; PCO2 is relatively low in the alveoli and relatively high in the blood.
T/F: Pulmonary surfactant is secreted by Type II alveolar cells.
True; Pulmonary surfactant is secreted by Type II alveolar cells.
How many alveoli are found in each lung?
millions
The pharynx is a shared region between which two body systems?
respiratory and digestive
The vestibular and vocal folds are found in the…
larynx
T/F: The respiratory membrane, across which gas exchange occurs, is formed by the wall of the respiratory bronchiole and the pulmonary capillary.
False; The respiratory membrane is formed by the alveolar and capillary walls.
Which of the following is not part of the lower respiratory tract?
pharynx
T/F: During inspiration thoracic cavity volume increases.
True; Inspiration increases the volume of the thoracic cavity.
T/F:As the diaphragm relaxes, it is depressed (moves inferiorly).
False; The diaphragm moves superiorly as it relaxes.
Place the organs of the digestive tract in order from proximal to distal.
oral cavity —> esophagus—> stomach—> small intestines—> large intestines—> rectum
Place the parts of the stomach in order from proximal to distal.
cardia —> fundus—>body—>pylorus
Place the parts of the small intestines in order from proximal to distal.
duodenum —> jejunum—> ileum
Group the structure based on whether it is part of the GI tract or just accessory structures: stomach
part of GI tract
Group the structure based on whether it is part of the GI tract or just accessory structures: large intestines
part of GI tract
Group the structure based on whether it is part of the GI tract or just accessory structures: rectum
part of GI tract
Group the structure based on whether it is part of the GI tract or just accessory structures: small intestines
part of GI tract
Group the structure based on whether it is part of the GI tract or just accessory structures: esophagus
part of GI tract
Group the structure based on whether it is part of the GI tract or just accessory structures: liver
accessory organ
Group the structure based on whether it is part of the GI tract or just accessory structures: pancreas
accessory organ
Group the structure based on whether it is part of the GI tract or just accessory structures: teeth
accessory organ
Group the structure based on whether it is part of the GI tract or just accessory structures: gallbladder
accessory organ
Group the structure based on whether it is part of the GI tract or just accessory structures: salivary glands
accessory organ
The _____ provides mechanical digestion of chewing, which is called _____.
oral cavity; mastication
The _____ moves food from the pharynx to the_____ with wave like contractions called ______
esophagus;
stomach;
peristaltic waves
The _____ is a hollow storage vat that initiates digestion of proteins.
stomach
The _______ is where most absorption of nutrients takes place.
small intestines
The _____ absorbs a little water and electrolytes, but is mostly for storing feces.
large intestines
sublingual gland produces _____ %of saliva
3-5%
submandibular gland produces _____ %of saliva
60-70%
parotid gland produces _____ %of saliva
25-30%
the pancreas produces and secretes___
digestive enzymes
the pancreas releases ____ into the _____
insulin;
blood
the liver produces and secretes______
bile
the liver stores _____, _____, and _____
glycogen, minerals, vitamins
the gallblader stores and concentrates___
bile
Digestion begins in the…
mouth
Bile from the liver and digestive juices from the pancreas enter which section of the small intestine?
duodenum
Which of the following is not secreted by the stomach to aid in digestion?
bile
During digestion, the major site of nutrient absorption is the…
small intestine
Which of the following might stimulate the cephalic phase of gastric secretion?
the thought of food
A portal triad consists of which three elements?
branches of a hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein
bile duct
From external to internal, what is the correct order of layers of the stomach?
serosa
muscularis
submucosa
mucosa
Functions of the stomach include…
chemical and mechanical digestion
Which region of the stomach is continuous with the esophagus?
cardiac region
Which cell of the gastric glands produces pepsinogen?
chief cell
