4.1.8- Vaccination

Question 1

Define what active immunity is.

Answer 1

Where the immune system is activated and produces its own antibodies.

Question 2

What is artificial immunity?

Answer 2

Immunity that is achieved as result of medical intervention.

Question 3

What is an epidemic?

Answer 3

A rapid spread of disease through a high proportion of the population.

Question 4

What is natural immunity?

Answer 4

Immunity achieved through normal life processes.

Question 5

What is passive immunity?

Answer 5

Immunity achieved when antibodies are passed to the individual through breast feeding or injection.

Question 6

What is a vaccination?

Answer 6

A way of stimulating an immune response so that to achieve immunity.

Question 7

Explain five different ways antigenic material can take for a vaccination.

Answer 7

• dead pathogen- eg typhoid/ cholera vaccine
• preparation of the antigen from the path- hepB vacc
• toxoid- eg tetanus vacc
• attenuated or harmless version of pathogen- eg measles/ TB
• whole live microorganisms with similar antigens to the actual pathogen- eg small pox

Question 8

What are the two ways vaccinations can be carried out?

Answer 8

Herd vaccination as ring vaccination.

Question 9

Explain briefly what herd vaccination is.

Answer 9

Using a vaccine to provide immunity to almost all of the population at risk- prevents the pathogen spreading if almost everyone is immune and at least 85% people must be vaccinated to achieve immunity.

Question 10

When herd vaccination is carried out, you achieve…

Answer 10

Herd immunity.

Question 11

Give four examples of diseases that there is a program to stop the spreading for by providing herd vaccination fun children for these diseases.

Answer 11

Diphtheria 
Tetanus
Whooping cough
Polio
Meningitis 
MMR

Question 12

When is ring vaccination used?

Answer 12

When a new case of a disease is reported.

Question 13

explain briefly what ring vaccination is.

Answer 13

It involves vaccinating all the people in the immediate area of the cases of the new disease to contain this and prevent an epidemic.

Question 14

Give an example of where ring vaccination is commonly used.

Answer 14

In many parts of the world to contain the spread of diseases in livestock.

Question 15

What happens when a disease has been eradicated in terms of vaccination supply?

Answer 15

The vaccination administration is relaxed- eg smallpox and TB administration stopped in UK for children after it was eradicated.

Question 16

Once a disease has been widely eradicated, explain how it could possible become an epidemic again.

Answer 16

It could undergo Fenton mutations that change their antigens, meaning the memory cells produced by vaccination are useless as they’re not complementary in shape and the disease can spread again.

Question 17

Give an example of a pathogen that is success able to changes.

Answer 17

The influenza virus is unstable and its antigen can undergo changes regularly (could lead to epidemic).

Question 18

List four things that summarise the main points about active immunity.

Answer 18

• exposure to antigen
• takes a while for protection to develop- time
• long term protection
• memory cells are produced

Question 19

List four things that summarise the main points about passive immunity.

Answer 19

• no exposure to antigen
• immediate protection
• short term protection
• no memory cells are produced

Question 20

Explain what natural active immunity is.

Answer 20

Immunity procured by antibodies made in the immune system as a result of infection. Primary– secondary responses are faster and bigger. E.g; chicken pox.

Question 21

Explain what natural passive immunity is.

Answer 21

Antibodies provided by the placenta or breast milk- makes baby immune to diseases of which the mother is immune.

Question 22

Explain what artificial active immunity is.

Answer 22

Immunity provided by antibodies made in te immune system as a result of vaccinations- person vaccinated and activates SI response. E.g; TB and Influenza.

Question 23

Explain what artificial passive immunity is.

Answer 23

Immunity provided by the injection of readily produced antibodies into the person. E.g; tetanus/ hepA/B

Question 24

What are the four different types of immunity?

Answer 24

Active Natural
Active artificial
Passive natural
Passive artificial