4.1.8- Vaccination Flashcards
Define what active immunity is.
Where the immune system is activated and produces its own antibodies.
What is artificial immunity?
Immunity that is achieved as result of medical intervention.
What is an epidemic?
A rapid spread of disease through a high proportion of the population.
What is natural immunity?
Immunity achieved through normal life processes.
What is passive immunity?
Immunity achieved when antibodies are passed to the individual through breast feeding or injection.
What is a vaccination?
A way of stimulating an immune response so that to achieve immunity.
Explain five different ways antigenic material can take for a vaccination.
- dead pathogen- eg typhoid/ cholera vaccine
- preparation of the antigen from the path- hepB vacc
- toxoid- eg tetanus vacc
- attenuated or harmless version of pathogen- eg measles/ TB
- whole live microorganisms with similar antigens to the actual pathogen- eg small pox
What are the two ways vaccinations can be carried out?
Herd vaccination as ring vaccination.
Explain briefly what herd vaccination is.
Using a vaccine to provide immunity to almost all of the population at risk- prevents the pathogen spreading if almost everyone is immune and at least 85% people must be vaccinated to achieve immunity.
When herd vaccination is carried out, you achieve…
Herd immunity.
Give four examples of diseases that there is a program to stop the spreading for by providing herd vaccination fun children for these diseases.
Diphtheria Tetanus Whooping cough Polio Meningitis MMR
When is ring vaccination used?
When a new case of a disease is reported.
explain briefly what ring vaccination is.
It involves vaccinating all the people in the immediate area of the cases of the new disease to contain this and prevent an epidemic.
Give an example of where ring vaccination is commonly used.
In many parts of the world to contain the spread of diseases in livestock.
What happens when a disease has been eradicated in terms of vaccination supply?
The vaccination administration is relaxed- eg smallpox and TB administration stopped in UK for children after it was eradicated.
Once a disease has been widely eradicated, explain how it could possible become an epidemic again.
It could undergo Fenton mutations that change their antigens, meaning the memory cells produced by vaccination are useless as they’re not complementary in shape and the disease can spread again.
Give an example of a pathogen that is success able to changes.
The influenza virus is unstable and its antigen can undergo changes regularly (could lead to epidemic).
List four things that summarise the main points about active immunity.
- exposure to antigen
- takes a while for protection to develop- time
- long term protection
- memory cells are produced
List four things that summarise the main points about passive immunity.
- no exposure to antigen
- immediate protection
- short term protection
- no memory cells are produced
Explain what natural active immunity is.
Immunity procured by antibodies made in the immune system as a result of infection. Primary– secondary responses are faster and bigger. E.g; chicken pox.
Explain what natural passive immunity is.
Antibodies provided by the placenta or breast milk- makes baby immune to diseases of which the mother is immune.
Explain what artificial active immunity is.
Immunity provided by antibodies made in te immune system as a result of vaccinations- person vaccinated and activates SI response. E.g; TB and Influenza.
Explain what artificial passive immunity is.
Immunity provided by the injection of readily produced antibodies into the person. E.g; tetanus/ hepA/B
What are the four different types of immunity?
Active Natural
Active artificial
Passive natural
Passive artificial
