4.1.6- The Specific Immune Response Flashcards
Define what B memory cells are.
Cells that remain in the blood for a long time, providing long term immunity.
What is clonal expansion?
AKA proliferation. An increase in the number of cells by mitosis cell division.
What are Plasma cells?
Derived from the B lymphocytes and these cells manufacture antibodies.
What are T Helper Cells?
Cells that release signalling molecules to stimulate the immune response.
What are T Killer Cells?
Cells that attack and destroy our own body cells that are infected by a pathogen.
What are T Memory Cells?
Cells that remain in the blood for a long time to provide long term immunity.
What are T regulator cells?
Cells that are involved with inhibiting or ending the specific immune response.
What are the four differentiations of T lymphocytes?
Regulator
Helper
Memory
Killer
In the immune response, what is it that neutralises the pathogen?
Antibodies produced by the specific immune response.
The specific immune response provides __________ __________.
Immunological memory.
What type of cell provides immunological memory against the pathogen in the SI response?
Memory cells.
What type of cell is involved in producing autoimmunity?
T Regulator
What two types of cell do B Lymphocytes differentiate into?
B memory
Plasma
What is cell signalling?
Communication between Ella in order for them to work together effectively.
In the SI response, how is cell signalling achieved?
The release of cytokines.
In order to detect a cell signalling molecule (eg; cytokine) what must there be within the target cell?
The target cell must have a cell surface receptor complementary in shape to the shape of the signalling molecule.
What are the three types of cytokines that are released in the SI response?
Interferon
Monokines
Interleukins
Explain why interferons (a type of cytokine) are produced by most cells.
They inhibit virus replication and stimulate the activity of T Killer Cells
What types of cells release interleukins?
T cells and macrophages.
What role does interleukins (released by T Cells and macrophages) have?
It stimulates the clonal expansion and differentiation of B and T cells.
What two types of cytokines do macrophages release?
Monokines
Interleukins
What are the two possible functions of monokines released by macrophages?
The attracting of neutrophils by chemotaxis and the stimulation of of B cells to differentiate and release antibodies.
What is an autoimmune disease?
Occurs when the immune system attacks a par of the body. When the bodies antibodies start to attack it’s own antigens.
What are two types of autoimmune disease?
Arthritis
Lupus
Explain what lupus is (an autoimmune disease).
It causes swelling and pain and is associated with antibodies that attack certain proteins in the nucleus in cells and affected tissue.
Explain what the autoimmune disease ‘arthritis’ is.
A painful inflammation of a joint that starts with antibodies attacking the membrane around the joint.
Summarise the sequence of events involved within the SI Response.
Pathogen infects cell and reproduces Antigen presented on APC Clonal selection Clonal expansion T and B cell differentiation Differentiated cells take action
Explain the differentiation stage of the SI response.
The B and T lymphocytes develop into a range of useful cells.
Explain what the clonal expansion stage of the SI response is.
When the correct B/T lymphocytes are selected by direct contact between the antigen and the lymphocytes. Selects the lymphocytes with a complementary shape to the antigen.
Define what an antibody is.
A specific protein released by plasma cells that can attach to pathogenic antigens.
