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Biology AS- Chapter 4.1- Communicable Diseases > 4.1.6- The Specific Immune Response > Flashcards

4.1.6- The Specific Immune Response Flashcards

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1
Q

Define what B memory cells are.

A

Cells that remain in the blood for a long time, providing long term immunity.

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2
Q

What is clonal expansion?

A

AKA proliferation. An increase in the number of cells by mitosis cell division.

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3
Q

What are Plasma cells?

A

Derived from the B lymphocytes and these cells manufacture antibodies.

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4
Q

What are T Helper Cells?

A

Cells that release signalling molecules to stimulate the immune response.

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5
Q

What are T Killer Cells?

A

Cells that attack and destroy our own body cells that are infected by a pathogen.

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6
Q

What are T Memory Cells?

A

Cells that remain in the blood for a long time to provide long term immunity.

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7
Q

What are T regulator cells?

A

Cells that are involved with inhibiting or ending the specific immune response.

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8
Q

What are the four differentiations of T lymphocytes?

A

Regulator
Helper
Memory
Killer

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9
Q

In the immune response, what is it that neutralises the pathogen?

A

Antibodies produced by the specific immune response.

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10
Q

The specific immune response provides __________ __________.

A

Immunological memory.

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11
Q

What type of cell provides immunological memory against the pathogen in the SI response?

A

Memory cells.

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12
Q

What type of cell is involved in producing autoimmunity?

A

T Regulator

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13
Q

What two types of cell do B Lymphocytes differentiate into?

A

B memory

Plasma

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14
Q

What is cell signalling?

A

Communication between Ella in order for them to work together effectively.

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15
Q

In the SI response, how is cell signalling achieved?

A

The release of cytokines.

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16
Q

In order to detect a cell signalling molecule (eg; cytokine) what must there be within the target cell?

A

The target cell must have a cell surface receptor complementary in shape to the shape of the signalling molecule.

17
Q

What are the three types of cytokines that are released in the SI response?

A

Interferon
Monokines
Interleukins

18
Q

Explain why interferons (a type of cytokine) are produced by most cells.

A

They inhibit virus replication and stimulate the activity of T Killer Cells

19
Q

What types of cells release interleukins?

A

T cells and macrophages.

20
Q

What role does interleukins (released by T Cells and macrophages) have?

A

It stimulates the clonal expansion and differentiation of B and T cells.

21
Q

What two types of cytokines do macrophages release?

A

Monokines

Interleukins

22
Q

What are the two possible functions of monokines released by macrophages?

A

The attracting of neutrophils by chemotaxis and the stimulation of of B cells to differentiate and release antibodies.

23
Q

What is an autoimmune disease?

A

Occurs when the immune system attacks a par of the body. When the bodies antibodies start to attack it’s own antigens.

24
Q

What are two types of autoimmune disease?

A

Arthritis

Lupus

25
Q

Explain what lupus is (an autoimmune disease).

A

It causes swelling and pain and is associated with antibodies that attack certain proteins in the nucleus in cells and affected tissue.

26
Q

Explain what the autoimmune disease ‘arthritis’ is.

A

A painful inflammation of a joint that starts with antibodies attacking the membrane around the joint.

27
Q

Summarise the sequence of events involved within the SI Response.

A 
Pathogen infects cell and reproduces 
Antigen presented on APC
Clonal selection
Clonal expansion
T and B cell differentiation 
Differentiated cells take action
28
Q

Explain the differentiation stage of the SI response.

A

The B and T lymphocytes develop into a range of useful cells.

29
Q

Explain what the clonal expansion stage of the SI response is.

A

When the correct B/T lymphocytes are selected by direct contact between the antigen and the lymphocytes. Selects the lymphocytes with a complementary shape to the antigen.

30
Q

Define what an antibody is.

A

A specific protein released by plasma cells that can attach to pathogenic antigens.

Biology AS- Chapter 4.1- Communicable Diseases (8 decks)

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