4.1 - Policy development (individualistic)

Question 1

Therapy (psychoanalysis)

Answer 1

Access unconscious mind to locate repressed trauma which has caused criminal behaviour & directly deal with it (Freud used hypnosis & free association)

Question 2

Aichhorn (psychoanalysis)

Answer 2

Applied ideas to police for treated young offenders due to them having uncaring/absent parents (maternal deprivation) -> lack of normal socialisation -> no superego/weak superego

Question 3

Effectivity of therapy

Answer 3

+ Works as well as other psychotherapy treatments (CBT)
- Time consuming & expensive
- Avoided within general samples of prisoners
- There are a few positive evaluation points as a treatment (Blackburn)
- Raises ethical issues recovering trauma
- Analysist determines what is normal/abnormal

Question 4

Token economies (operant conditioning)

Answer 4

Behaviour modification programme in institutions to gain desirable behaviour -> earn tokens for each time they display correct behaviour which can be exchanged for rewards

Question 5

Effectivity of token economy

Answer 5

+ Proven to improve behaviour
- Short-term -> bad behaviour returns without reinforcements
- Ungeneralisable -> young offenders ineffective
- Ethical issues -> USA taking away food & drink (basic rights)

Question 6

Aversion therapy (Eyesenck)

Answer 6

Treatment of sex offenders with strong resistance to punishments -> think about an unacceptable fantasy until they’re aroused, administer a strong aversive stimulus (shock & nausea) repeatedly until they associate the stimulus with the deviant behaviour -> stop thoughts -> stops the offending

Question 7

Effectivity of aversion therapy

Answer 7

• Inhumane & violation of human rights
• Short-term success

Question 8

CBT (cognitive theories)

Answer 8

Fix faulty thinking & deviant behaviour through talking with therapists (e.g. Think First -> control offenders thoughts, feelings & behaviour with problem-solving skills, consequential thinking & decision making)

Question 9

Effectivity of CBT

Answer 9

+ 30% less likely to offend again
- High incompletion rate

Question 10

ART (cognitive theories)

Answer 10

Involves interpersonal skills training, anger control techniques & moral reasonings training for violent offenders

Question 11

Effectivity of ART

Answer 11

+ Lower re-conviction rates
- Thinking improved, behaviour did not