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AS Criminology > 1.1 Compare criminal behaviour & deviance > Flashcards

1.1 Compare criminal behaviour & deviance Flashcards

1
Q

Norms

A

Behaviour is deemed normal by society based on values

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2
Q

Example of norms

A

Not murdering someone, giving up seats for the elderly

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3
Q

Values

A

Guidelines/principals for how life should be lived

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4
Q

Example of values

A

Respect

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5
Q

Moral codes

A

Basic set of rules held by individuals/groups/society/organisation

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6
Q

Example of moral codes

A

Police Code of Ethics

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7
Q

Deviance

A

Behaviour that differs from norms (good, eccentric, bad)

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8
Q

Example of deviance

A
  • Good (risking your life for someone else)
  • Eccentric (talking to trees)
  • Bad (assaulting people for no reason)
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9
Q

Formal sanctions

A

Imposed by official bodies & are punishments for breaking written rules/laws

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10
Q

Examples of formal sanctions

A
  • Schools excluding people
  • Fines for theft
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11
Q

Informal sanctions

A

Breaking of unspoken rules lead to reactions by society

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12
Q

Examples of informal sanctions

A

Disapproval shown via refusal to speak to someone

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13
Q

Positive sanctions

A

Rewards for behaviour of which society approves

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14
Q

Examples of positive sanctions

A

Medals for bravery

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15
Q

Social control

A

Society seeks to control over behaviour & ensure we conform to its norms and behave as expected

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16
Q

Legal definition of crime

A

Behaviour which breaks the law & is done with bad intentions
- Actus reus - guilty act
- Mens rea - guilty mind

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17
Q

Exceptions

A

Strict liability & self-defense

18
Q

Strict liability

A

The act alone is enough to convict, it is often used to regulate businesses, includes offense with no intention to harm

19
Q

Examples of strict liability

A

Speeding -> hitting someone with the car

20
Q

Self defense

A

Only justifiable if the forced used was reasonable

21
Q

Social definition of crime

A

Differing views (public views acts differently to the legal definition)
Law enforcement (not all laws are being enforced [possession of soft drugs])
Law-making (not all acts seen as crimes to the public have laws passed against them)

22
Q

Examples of harmful but not criminal acts

A
  • Being rude to people
  • Body shaming
  • Animal testing
23
Q

Examples of criminal but not harmful acts

A
  • Illegal downloads
  • Tax evasion
  • Speeding
24
Q

Homosexuality decriminalisation timeline

A

1967 - Sexual Offences Act 1967 decriminalised private sex amongst men over the age of 21

1972 - 2000 gay men & women march in London Pride (first)

1988 - Local Government Act 1988 Section 28 banned teaching/promoting of homosexual relationships in state schools (overturned in 2000 [Scottish] and 2003 [English, Welsh, N.Irish])

2004 - Civil Partnership Act allowed same-sex couples to enter unions with the same rights as married couples

2014 - Marriage [Same Sex Couples] Act 2013 recognised same-sex marriages and entered law in England and Wales.
Scotland legalised in 2014

2020 - N.Ireland legalised same-sex marriage

25
Q

Stalking introduced as an offence

A

Protection from Harassment Act 1997 dealt with harassment but stalking was brought in specifically after Coalition Government consultation

26
Q

Categories of crimes

A
  • Violence against the person
  • Sexual offences
  • Offences against property
  • Fraud & forgery
  • Criminal damage
  • Drug offences
  • Public order offences
27
Q

Examples of violence against the person

A

Murder, assault

28
Q

Examples of sexual offences

A

Rape, sex trafficking

29
Q

Example of offences against property

A

Theft

30
Q

Example of fraud & forgery

A

Fraud by company directors

31
Q

Example of criminal damage

A

Arson

32
Q

Example of drug offences

A

Possessing heroine

33
Q

Example of public order offences

A

Rioting

34
Q

Summary offences

A

Less serious & tried by magistrates (volunteer) i.e. speeding

35
Q

Indictable offences

A

More serious & tried in Crown Court with more severe sentences (judge + jury) i.e. murder

36
Q

Custodial sentences (court sanctions)

A

Prison, young offenders institutes & other institutions to punish offender & deter crimes from being repeated -> sentence varies depending on the crime

37
Q

Community sentences (court sanctions)

A

Served in the community such as probation order

38
Q

Discharge (court sanctions)

A

Conditional -> given conditions to meet (not committing crimes for a set period of time)
Absolute -> punishment is unsuitable (self-defence crimes)

39
Q

Cautions (police sanctions)

A

Given for minor offences or first offences issued without court proceedings (i.e. graffiti)

40
Q

Conditional cautions (police sanctions)

A

Given to the offender with an agreed upon change (i.e. treatment for drug abuse)

41
Q

Penalty notices (police sanctions)

A

Issued without use of court proceedings (pay penalty fine for minor crimes i.e. shoplifting)

42
Q

Other implications of committing a crime

A
  • Exclusion from certain occupations
  • Placement on Violent & Sex Offenders register
  • Banned from travelling to certain countries
  • Restrictions on adoption, jury service or standing for elected office

AS Criminology (10 decks)

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