1.1 Compare criminal behaviour & deviance

Question 1

Norms

Answer 1

Behaviour is deemed normal by society based on values

Question 2

Example of norms

Answer 2

Not murdering someone, giving up seats for the elderly

Question 3

Values

Answer 3

Guidelines/principals for how life should be lived

Question 4

Example of values

Answer 4

Respect

Question 5

Moral codes

Answer 5

Basic set of rules held by individuals/groups/society/organisation

Question 6

Example of moral codes

Answer 6

Police Code of Ethics

Question 7

Deviance

Answer 7

Behaviour that differs from norms (good, eccentric, bad)

Question 8

Example of deviance

Answer 8

• Good (risking your life for someone else)
• Eccentric (talking to trees)
• Bad (assaulting people for no reason)

Question 9

Formal sanctions

Answer 9

Imposed by official bodies & are punishments for breaking written rules/laws

Question 10

Examples of formal sanctions

Answer 10

• Schools excluding people
• Fines for theft

Question 11

Informal sanctions

Answer 11

Breaking of unspoken rules lead to reactions by society

Question 12

Examples of informal sanctions

Answer 12

Disapproval shown via refusal to speak to someone

Question 13

Positive sanctions

Answer 13

Rewards for behaviour of which society approves

Question 14

Examples of positive sanctions

Answer 14

Medals for bravery

Question 15

Social control

Answer 15

Society seeks to control over behaviour & ensure we conform to its norms and behave as expected

Question 16

Legal definition of crime

Answer 16

Behaviour which breaks the law & is done with bad intentions
- Actus reus - guilty act
- Mens rea - guilty mind

Question 17

Exceptions

Answer 17

Strict liability & self-defense

Question 18

Strict liability

Answer 18

The act alone is enough to convict, it is often used to regulate businesses, includes offense with no intention to harm

Question 19

Examples of strict liability

Answer 19

Speeding -> hitting someone with the car

Question 20

Self defense

Answer 20

Only justifiable if the forced used was reasonable

Question 21

Social definition of crime

Answer 21

Differing views (public views acts differently to the legal definition)
Law enforcement (not all laws are being enforced [possession of soft drugs])
Law-making (not all acts seen as crimes to the public have laws passed against them)

Question 22

Examples of harmful but not criminal acts

Answer 22

• Being rude to people
• Body shaming
• Animal testing

Question 23

Examples of criminal but not harmful acts

Answer 23

• Illegal downloads
• Tax evasion
• Speeding

Question 24

Homosexuality decriminalisation timeline

Answer 24

1967 - Sexual Offences Act 1967 decriminalised private sex amongst men over the age of 21

1972 - 2000 gay men & women march in London Pride (first)

1988 - Local Government Act 1988 Section 28 banned teaching/promoting of homosexual relationships in state schools (overturned in 2000 [Scottish] and 2003 [English, Welsh, N.Irish])

2004 - Civil Partnership Act allowed same-sex couples to enter unions with the same rights as married couples

2014 - Marriage [Same Sex Couples] Act 2013 recognised same-sex marriages and entered law in England and Wales.
Scotland legalised in 2014

2020 - N.Ireland legalised same-sex marriage

Question 25

Stalking introduced as an offence

Answer 25

Protection from Harassment Act 1997 dealt with harassment but stalking was brought in specifically after Coalition Government consultation

Question 26

Categories of crimes

Answer 26

- Violence against the person - Sexual offences - Offences against property - Fraud & forgery - Criminal damage - Drug offences - Public order offences

Question 27

Examples of violence against the person

Answer 27

Murder, assault

Question 28

Examples of sexual offences

Answer 28

Rape, sex trafficking

Question 29

Example of offences against property

Answer 29

Theft

Question 30

Example of fraud & forgery

Answer 30

Fraud by company directors

Question 31

Example of criminal damage

Answer 31

Arson

Question 32

Example of drug offences

Answer 32

Possessing heroine

Question 33

Example of public order offences

Answer 33

Rioting

Question 34

Summary offences

Answer 34

Less serious & tried by magistrates (volunteer) i.e. speeding

Question 35

Indictable offences

Answer 35

More serious & tried in Crown Court with more severe sentences (judge + jury) i.e. murder

Question 36

Custodial sentences (court sanctions)

Answer 36

Prison, young offenders institutes & other institutions to punish offender & deter crimes from being repeated -> sentence varies depending on the crime

Question 37

Community sentences (court sanctions)

Answer 37

Served in the community such as probation order

Question 38

Discharge (court sanctions)

Answer 38

Conditional -> given conditions to meet (not committing crimes for a set period of time) Absolute -> punishment is unsuitable (self-defence crimes)

Question 39

Cautions (police sanctions)

Answer 39

Given for minor offences or first offences issued without court proceedings (i.e. graffiti)

Question 40

Conditional cautions (police sanctions)

Answer 40

Given to the offender with an agreed upon change (i.e. treatment for drug abuse)

Question 41

Penalty notices (police sanctions)

Answer 41

Issued without use of court proceedings (pay penalty fine for minor crimes i.e. shoplifting)

Question 42

Other implications of committing a crime

Answer 42

- Exclusion from certain occupations - Placement on Violent & Sex Offenders register - Banned from travelling to certain countries - Restrictions on adoption, jury service or standing for elected office