41. infectious central nervous disease Flashcards

1
Q

what infectious causes

A

viral
bacterial
fungal
protozoal

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2
Q

list the viral diseases

A
distemper - paramyxovirus 
rabies - lyssavirus 
aujezkys - alphaherpes (porcine hv1)
tick encephalitis - flavi
feline infectious peritonitis - corona
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3
Q

canine distemper spread, signs

A

nasal secretion, urine
dog and felids
apathy, fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge, diarrhea, hyperkeratosis
neurologic signs

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4
Q

what are the main characteristics of distemper

A

neuronal and glial cell death (polyencephalomyelopathy)
- seizures
demyelination (leukoencephalomyelopathy)
- cerebellar, brainstem, vestibular signs
- myoclonus

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5
Q

neurologic signs of distemper

A

mainly older infected dogs
visual impairment
mental depression, circling
decreased menace, head pressing, ataxia

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6
Q

how can we diagnose distemper

A

PCR - urine
conjunctival/nasal smear
inclusion bodies
IF test

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7
Q

what is treatment and prognosis of distemper

A

symptomatic treat

poor prognosis

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8
Q

how does rabies infect

A

transdermal - wound
direct contact with infectious material to mucous membrane (saliva, csf, nerve tissue)
aerogenic - inhale bat air

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9
Q

two types of rabies epidemiology

A

urbanic rabies: dog to dog (rare)

sylvatic rabies: fox to dog

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10
Q

rabies pathophysiology

A

virus travel via retrograde axoplasmic transport to cns
rapid replication in CNS -> damage
travel anterograde axoplasmic flow to peripheral nerves and adjacent places of eg salivary glands
virus is disseminated through whole body by the time of clinical signs

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11
Q

rabies incubation period

A

2-3 months (2 weeks to 6 years depending on site and amount of virus)

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12
Q

rabies clinical signs

A

can vary massively from animal to animal
start with general signs: stop eating, drinking, less social, fever, vomiting

cerebral and cranial nerve dysfunction: ataxia, weakness, seizures, difficulty breathing, dysphagia, excess salivation
abnormal behavior, aggression
once clinical signs appear: die within 5-6 days

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13
Q

diagnosis of rabies

A

post mortem examination
IF test: antiviral antibodies conjugated with fluorescentebt dye
RT-PCR
virus isolation from cell culture

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14
Q

aujezkys - general info

A

aka pseudorabies - Porcine herpes virus
natural host is swine, dogs, cats get infected by pigs
prevention programme - low occurrence
intense scratching

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15
Q

aujezkys, incubation, course, clinical signs

A

3-6 days
24-48 hours
slaivation, fever, restlessness, vomiting
CNS signs:
incoordination, vocalization, muscle spasm
rubbing, selfmutilation, furious scratching

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16
Q

aujezkys, diagnosis, ddx, prognosis

A

history, clinical signs, post mortem
ddx rabies!
prognosis very bad, they die :(

17
Q

tick encephalitis - vector, virus

A

ixodes ricinus

flaviviridae

18
Q

tick encephalitis - clinical signs

A

fever, ataxia, paraplegia, convulsion, aggression

disorder of proprioception, nystagmus, mydriasis, anisocoria, facial paralysis

19
Q

tick encephalitis - hematology, treatment, prevention, prognosis

A

leukopenia, lymphopenia, monocytosis
symptomatic treatment, tick control
unfavourable, persistent cns signs

20
Q

FIP - disease

A

feline infectious peritonitis - corona
¨dry fip¨ non-effusive type
mainly in intracranial and neural tissue
vasculitis-> meningitis, anflam of choroid plexus

21
Q

FIP - symptoms

A
  1. motoric disorder, ataxia, HL paresis, tremor
  2. mental state: apathy/ dementia, aggression
  3. eyes: nystagmus, anisocoria, mydriasis
22
Q

bacterial CNS inflam - protection

A
BBB - hard to cross 
no lymphatic system in brain 
once bacteria cross, it is the perfect environment for them 
ways of entry: 
direct - trauma, wound into cns 
local - via sinusitis, otitis 
hematogenous
23
Q

bacterial cns - pathogens

A

listeria monocytogenes
strep, staph, pasteurella multocida, escheria
anaerobe: peptostrepto, bacteroides

24
Q

bacterial cns - course, clinical signs

A

acute, rapid progression –> poor prognosis
fever, cervical hyperesthesia
altered mental state
altered locomotion - imbalance, ataxia, paresis

25
bacterial cns diagnosis
history, clinical signs CSF culture: presence of bacteria CSF cytology: neutrophil pleocytosis, IC bacteria CSF biochem: increased protein and glucose
26
bacterial cns treatment
AB: ampicillin, enrofloxacin, cefotaxime, metronidazole 10-14 days after clinical signs gone glucocorticoids - antiinflam max 4 days
27
listeria monocytogenes - etiology, signs, treatment
bacteria enter oral mucosa ulcer - travel via nerves to cns -> cranial nerve damage -> laryngeal paralysis vestibular signs, circling, ataxia doxycycline, penicillin
28
protozoal infection - types
toxoplasma gondii - mainly cat | neospora caninum - mainly dog
29
toxoplasma, clan signs, diagnosis, therapy
HYPEREXTENDED PELVIC LIMBS - classic sign chorioretinitis, myositis PCR, antibody: IF clindamycin
30
neospora caninum - signs, diagnosis, treatment
encephalitis, myelitis, chorioretinitis atg: PCR, Ab: IF clindamycin, pot-sa
31
fungal meningoencephalitis - types
aspergillus,blastomyces, cryptococcus,. histoplasma
32
fungal meningoencephalitis etiology, occurrence
inhalation of spores - local spread from sinus or hematogenous spread usually part of systemic mycosis slow progression
33
fungal meningoencephalitis
antifungals that cross BBB | fluconazole, flucytosine