4.1

Question 1

How many nerves are in an ANS pathway?

Answer 1

2

Question 2

What neurotransmitter is used at ganglia? What kind of receptor?

Answer 2

ACh

Nicotinic

Question 3

What is the other name for the SNS? PNS?

Answer 3

SNS- Thoracolumbar

PNS- Craniosacral

Question 4

Describe the nerve fibers of the SNS

Answer 4

Short preganglionic

Long postganglionic

Question 5

Describe the nerve fibers of the PNS

Answer 5

Long preganglionic

Short postganglionic

Question 6

Where are the neurons for the ENS?

Answer 6

ENS= enteric nervous system

In walls of GI system

Question 7

What is the myenteric plexus? What does it regulate?

Answer 7

The major nerve supply of the GI tract, regulates motility

Question 8

What is the submucosal plexus?

Answer 8

Part of ENS- regulates secretions

Question 9

What is the cholinergic neurotransmitter? Where found?

Answer 9

ACh

All preganglionic efferent and somatic. Most PNS postganglionic

Question 10

What is the noradrenergic neurotransmitter? Where found?

Answer 10

NorEpi

Postganglionic SNS

Question 11

What are dopaminergic neurotransmitters? Where found?

Answer 11

Dopamine

peripheral SNS

Question 12

What are examples of peptide neurotransmitters?

Answer 12

neurotensin, LH, substance P

Endogenously released

Question 13

Describe ACh synthesis

Answer 13

Acetyl Coa+ Choline group –> Ach
Once Ach is synthesized, pumped into vesicles by VAT (vesicle associate transporter)
Stored in vesicle until released into neuro cleft

Question 14

In ACh synthesis, what are ChAT, VAT, SNAP, and VAMP?

Answer 14

ChAT = Choline Acetyltransferase
VAT = Vesicle Associate Transporter
SNAP = synaptosome-assoc protein
VAMP = vesicle-assoc membr protein

Question 15

How does botulism toxin work?

Answer 15

Blocks ACh release, leads to paralysis

Question 16

How does black widow venom work?

Answer 16

Stimulates ACh release to depletion, Contraction to paralysis (no medical use yet)

Question 17

What are the precursor molecules for dopamine?

Answer 17

Tyrosine + Dopa

Question 18

What limits the rate of production of dopamine?

Answer 18

Dopa

Question 19

In dopamine production, what do VMAT and NET do?

Answer 19

VMAT puts dopamine into vesicles

NET- reuptake

Question 20

What happens if too much NE in the NMJ?

Answer 20

SNS-type symptoms- jittery, jumpy, triggers adrenergic sys

Question 21

What is Reserpine used for? Mechanism?

Answer 21

old, d/c’d drug (was used for HTN, psychosis) inhibits VMAT, the enzyme that fills vesicles with dopamine
So, vesicles don’t fill, decreased storage of dopamine, because leaks out of cell, this decreases NE, low BP
The problem: will have some adrenergic (sympathtic) response using this drug (before low BP, high BP)

Question 22

What is the mechanism of tyramine and amphetamines?

Answer 22

similar to amphetamines, ephedrine (extracted from a chinese herb)
Inhibits a transporter eventually displacing NE from vesicle
NE pushed out, diffuse into neural cleft, causing a sympathetic response
ETOH + these meds  massive dump of neurotransmitters  badness

Question 23

What is a cotransmitter? Example? What do they do?

Answer 23

Substances release in addition to primary transmitter (i.e. neuropeptides)
Some in same vesicles or separate vesicle
Provide faster or slower action to supplement effects of primary transmitter
Provide feedback inhibition

Question 24

What are the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) neurotransmitters?

Answer 24

Peptides
NO (nitrous oxide)
Substance P
Cholecystokikin
Serotonin