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Musculoskeletal (transes) > 4.05 Histology of skin > Flashcards

4.05 Histology of skin Flashcards

1
Q

Topmost layer of the epidermis comprised of non-nucleated cells entirely filled with keratin filaments in an amorphous matrix

A

stratum corneum

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2
Q

Spaces in between the cells in the topmost layer of the skin are filled with what? What is its purpose?

A

Lipids; cement cells together

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3
Q

Layer of the epidermis not present in thin skin

A

Stratum lucidum

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4
Q

Layer of epidermis with 3-5 layers of flattened polygonal cells

A

Stratum granulosum

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5
Q

Free, non-membrane granules found in the cells of stratum granulosum

A

Keratohyaline granules

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6
Q

Layer of skin that provides the waterproof barrier; how does it do this?

A

Stratum granulosum; from exocytosis of lamellar granules that discharge their lipid content

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7
Q

How many layers does the stratum granulosum have in thin skin?

A

One

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8
Q

Thickest layer of the skin consisting of polyhedral cells with central nuclei and nucleoli

A

Stratum spinosum

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9
Q

The stratum spinosum actively synthesizes what? Bundles of this are called __.

A

Keratin filaments

Tonofibrils

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10
Q

What gives the s. spinosum its spiny appearance?

A

Tonofibrils on both sides of each desmosome

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11
Q

Layer of the epidermis where there is intense mitotic activity to replenish keratinocytes

A

Stratum basale

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12
Q

Layer of the epidermis where keratin filaments start to show

A

Stratum basale

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13
Q

Layer of the skin usually associated with skin cancers

A

Stratum basale

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14
Q

Cells that produce melanin; what particular organelle produces it? What enzyme synthesizes it?

A

Melanocyte; melanosome; tyrosinase

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15
Q

The color of the skin depend on what (3)? Where do these come from?

A

carotene - fat cells in hypodermis
red tint - oxygenated hemoglobin
brown tint/melanin - melanocytes

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16
Q

T/F. Dark-skinned people have more melanocytes than fair-skinned.

A

False. What differs between the two are the amount of pigment produced and the distribution

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17
Q

Compare the distribution of melanosomes in caucasians and dark-skinned individuals.

A

The former have melanosomes found on the basal layer; the latter have them on the epidermis

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18
Q

Process where melanocytes move closer to keratinocytes

A

Cytocrine secretion

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19
Q

Antigen-presenting dendritic cell to T lymphocytes that are found in the stratum spinosum

A

Langerhans

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20
Q

Rod-like granules with terminal expansion and cross-striations that are found in Langerhans cells

A

Birbeck granules

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21
Q

Non-epithelial cell in the sensory complex with free nerve endings for light touch

A

Merkel cell

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22
Q

These are pale-staining non-epithelial cell keratinocytes without melanosomes

A

Merkel cell

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23
Q

Where are Merkel cells found?

A

basal layer

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24
Q

The dermis is thickest in the __ and thinnest in the __.

A

upper back

eyelids

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25
Q

Irregular surfaces of the dermis

A

dermal papillae

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26
Q

T/F. Dermal papillae are more numerous in thin skin because they lack stratum lucidum.

A

False. Increased number is needed for areas with high friction

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27
Q

Oh which is the dermal papillae made up?

A

elastic and firbocollagenous tissues, blood vessels, nerves and skin appendages

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28
Q

Two layers of the dermis

A

Papillary dermis

Reticular dermis

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29
Q

Composition of the papillary dermis

A

loose connective tissue, fibroblasts, collagen and elastic fibers

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30
Q

Layer of skin that is responsible for the texture and tone of the skin

A

Papillary dermis

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31
Q

T/F. The papillary dermis contains sensory receptors and blood vessels.

A

True

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32
Q

T/F. The reticular dermis is thinner that the papillary dermis.

A

False

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33
Q

Layer of skin that allows for stretching during pregnancy, ascites and weight gain

A

Reticular dermis

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34
Q

What are ascites?

A

For abdominal swelling

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35
Q

Stretch marks are broken __

A

elastic fibers

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36
Q

Interstices between collagen and elastic fibers in the reticular dermis are filled with __, mainly __.

A

proteoglycans

dermatan sulfate

37
Q

What causes the wrinkling in some part of the body (penis, scrotum, areola of nipple)?

A

Loose plexuses of smooth muscle cells

38
Q

Two major vascular plexuses; where are they found?

A

Deep plexus - between dermis and hypodermis

Superficial or subpapillary plexus - between papillary and reticular areas

39
Q

Which plexus in the dermis provides the capillary network for the epidermis?

A

subpapillary plexus

40
Q

T/F. The vascular plexuses in the dermis allows for thermoregulation

A

True

41
Q

Elongated keratinized structures from the invagination of the epidermis; where are they not found?

A

Hair

palms, soles, sides of fingers, glans penis, labia minora, clitoris

42
Q

Two types of hair; compare the two of them

A

Vellus - short, fine, higly pigmented

Terminal - coarse, darkly pigmented

43
Q

Part of the hair that has keratohyline granules

A

Internal root sheath

44
Q

Three components of the internal root sheath

A

Henle’s layer
Huxley’s layer
Cuticle

45
Q

Part of the hair that is continuous with the stratum basale and the stratum spinosum; does this take part in hair formation?

A

external root sheath;

no

46
Q

What separates the external root sheath from the connective tissue sheath?

A

Glassy membrane

47
Q

T/F. The glassy membrane is continuous with the basement membrane.

A

True

48
Q

Hair texture and their corresponding cross-sections

A

Straight hair - circle
Wavy hair - oval
Curly hair - kidney-shaped

49
Q

Three phases of hair growth

A

anagen
catagen
telogen

50
Q

Phase of active growth of hair

A

anagen

51
Q

Resting phase of hair; what does this entail?

A

catagen; arrested growth and regression of hair bulb

52
Q

Phase of hair growth of follicular regression; period of inactivity during which hair may be shed

A

telogen

53
Q

Part of the nail that corresponds to the stratum corneum

A

Nail plate

54
Q

The nail bed is composed of which layers of skin

A

Stratum basale and spinosum

55
Q

Part of the nail that is composed of actively dividing cells

A

Nail matrix

56
Q

Also known as the cuticle

A

Eponychium

57
Q

What is the skin fold under the free edge of the cuticle?

A

Hyponychium

58
Q

Whitish crescent-shaped opaque nail matrix

A

Lunula

59
Q

Highly vascular part of the nail

A

Nail bed dermis

60
Q

T/F. Because of the degree of vascularization of the nail bed dermis, it is inevitably part of the nail formation

A

False. The nail bed has nothing to do with nail formation

61
Q

An appendage located above the insertion of the arrector pili muscle

A

sebaceous gland

62
Q

Morphological classification of sebaceous glands

A

simple branched acinar

63
Q

What is the classification of sebaceous glands according to manner of secretion?

A

Holocrine

64
Q

Morphological classification of eccrine sweat glands

A

simple coiled tubular

65
Q

Two portions of eccrine sweat glands

A

Secretory and duct

66
Q

Part of the secretory portion of eccrine sweat glands that have granules? that don’t have granules? Which produce most of the the secretions?

A

Dark cells;
Clear cells;
Clear cells

67
Q

Third cell type in the secretory portion; what does it do?

A

Myoepithelial cell; contracts to move the watery secretion into the duct

68
Q

The duct part of the eccrine sweat glands have __ and __ layers. The __ is more heterochromatic.

A

outer and inner

outer

69
Q

The __ layer of the ducts of eccrine sweat glands borders the lumina. The cells here are more cuboidal with __

A

inner

microvilli

70
Q

For what are the microvilli found in the inner layer of the ducts of eccrine sweat glands?

A

reabsorption of sodium, water and ions

71
Q

T/F. Fluid secreted by the eccrine sweat glands is viscous and not watery.

A

false

72
Q

Composition of the fluid secreted by the eccrine sweat glands; it is known as __

A

sodium, uric acid, water

sweat

73
Q

T/F. Apocrine sweat glands are actually merocrine glands.

A

True. Apocrine is a misnomer

74
Q

Apocrine sweat glands are found in which regions

A

axilla, areola of the nipple, mons pubis and circumanal regions

75
Q

Secretory portions of the apocrine sweat glands are found in which layer of the skin? What is their morphological classification?

A

dermis

coiled tubular

76
Q

Two examples of modified apocrine glands

A

Glands of Moll in the eyelid

Ceruminous gland in the ear canal

77
Q

T/F. Apocrine sweat glands always secerete to an adjacent hair follicle

A

True

78
Q

T/F. Sensory receptors are strictly composed of myelinated nerves only

A

False. They can be non-myelinated

79
Q

Two broad categories of sensory receptors

A

free nerve endings

encapsulated nerve endings

80
Q

Free nerve endings are mainly for __ and __

A

itch and pain sensation

temperature changes

81
Q

Disc-like endings in that may be present in free nerve endings

A

Merkel endings

82
Q

These are known as the mechanoreceptors for touch; they are found in __

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

dermal papillae of glabrous skin

83
Q

T/F. Meissner’s corpuscles are fully myelinated

A

False, they contain unmyelinated nerve ending surrounded by Schwann cells

84
Q

These mechanoreceptors are responsible for coarse touch, pressure and vibration

A

Pacinian corpuscles

85
Q

Mechanoreceptors to forces found in the sole or tensional forces

A

Ruffini’s corpuscles

86
Q

Resemble small Pacinian corpuscles that are found in the papillary layer of the dermis

A

End bulbs of Kraus

87
Q

The nerves of the efferent nervous system fibers form the sympathetic component of the ANS are (myelinated/non-myelinated)

A

non-myelinated

88
Q

The efferent nervous system supply the __ and __

A

blood vessels

skin appendages

Musculoskeletal (transes) (6 decks)

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