4 - Zill - Vertebral Column Flashcards
Back/spine problems are what most common cause of disability?
Second
Sagital Plane
Divides body in Left and Right halves
Coronal Plane
Divides body in Front and Back
“reaching for your corona”
Horizontal Plane
Transverse Plane
Divides body in Top and Bottom, perpendicular to long axis of body
Transverse and Spinous Processes
Projections form Arch for muscle and ligament attachments
Pedicle
Project from the body
Laminae
Unite to form posterior arch
Vertebral Arch
Surrounds vertebral canal, spinal cord
Consists of:
Pedicles
Laminae
Vertebrae Body
Anterior
Solid, transmits weight
Intervertebral Foramina
Spinal neves leave vertebral canal
Superior and Inferior Articular Processes (Facets)
Junction between pedicles and laminae
Forms joints between adjacent vertebrae
Orientation determine types of movement that occur between vertebrae
ALLOW AND RESTRICT MOVEMENT
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5 fused
Coccygeal - 3-5
Foramen Transversarium
Hole in C1-C7 for vertebral artery and veins
If you see holes to the left and right of the body, what type of vertebrae must it be?
Cervical
Attachment for Ligamentum Nuchae
Bifid
Cervical Articular Facets
Allow most movement
Angled superiorly and medially
C1 (Atlas)
No Body
“Yes” Movement - C1-Occipital connection
Flexion-Extension
What permits Flexion-Extension movement in C1?
Superior Articular Facets
C2 (Axis)
Peg like Odontoid Dens
Pivot Joint = allowing “No” movement
What allows “no” rotation in the cervical spine?
C1-C2 pivot joint
C7 (Vertebra Prominens)
Small Foramina Tranversaria - only veins
Spinous Process - long, not bifid
Palpable
Spinous Process (C7)
Palpable, can be palpated externally to tell vertebral level
Costal Facets
Thoracic
Body (rib head) and Transverse Process (Tubercle)
Attachment of ribs
Articular Processes in Thoracic Vertebra
Coronal plane
No flexion of heart and lungs
Lumbar Articular Processes
Sagittal plane
Can bend over, not twist
Sacrum has fused:
Tranverse Processes, Spinous Processes
What allows for transmission of weight from vertebrae to pelvis
Sacro-Illiac Joint
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament
Front of vertebrae
Strong bands = strength
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Weaker, more narrow
Posterior of spinal canal–not body
Ligamenta Flava
Yellow elastic bands, allow movement
Epidural
Intraspinous and Supraspinous Ligaments
Interspinous - interior
Supra - Exterior
Where are spinous ligaments greatly thikened?
Cervical regous to form ligamentum nuchae
Support head, provide muscle attachment
Joints Between Vertebrae
Joints between articular processes (facets)
Synovial Plane joints that permit sliding movements
Ommobilized in Facet Fusion surgery
Nucleus Pulposus
Inner gelatinous core of interverbral discs
Anulus Fibrosus
Outer, stiff region of interverbral discs
Where is the weak spot in anulus fribrosus?
What occurs here often?
Posterior region
Postero-lateral herniations
Extension
Flexion
Lateral Flexion
Extension = Bend posterior (back)
Flexion = Bend anterior (front)
Lateral Flexion = Bend lateral (side)
Articular Facet Movement Restrictions:
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Cervical - Superiorly and Medially (angled) - most movement
Thoracic - Coronal - rotation
Lumbar - Sagittal - flex/exten
Primary Curvature
Concave only
Where is the primary curvature in adults?
Where do secondary curvatures form?
Primary: Thorax
Secondary: Cervical / Lumbar
How does the spine curve laterally?
Opposite handedness
R ( L
Kyphosis
Hump back
Exaggerated anterior concave curvature
Thorax of elderly
Scoliosis
Abnormal lateral curvature
What can cause scoliosis?
Hemivertebra
one half of a vertebra fails to develop, causes spacing issue
Lordosis
Exaggerated lumbar curvature, posterior concave
shifts center of mass anteriorly
Normal: Pregnancy
Abnormal: Obesity
