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Geography > 4-The changing economic world > Flashcards

4-The changing economic world Flashcards

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1
Q

How do you measure birth and death rates?

A

How many births/deaths there are per 1000 people in a population

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2
Q

How do you calculate natural increase?

A

NO. of births per 1000/ NO. of deaths per 1000

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3
Q

What happens during stage 1 of the Demographic Transition Model?

A
  • High birth rate
  • High death rate
  • No natural increase
  • Low population
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4
Q

What happens during stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model?

A
  • High birth rate
  • Falling death rate
  • Natural increase
  • Rising population
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5
Q

What happens during stage 3 of the Demographic Transition Model?

A
  • Falling birth rate
  • Low death rate
  • Slowing natural increase
  • Rising population
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6
Q

What happens during stage 4 of the Demographic Transition Model?

A
  • Low birth rate
  • Low death rate
  • No natural increase
  • High population
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7
Q

What happens during stage 5 of the Demographic Transition Model?

A
  • Falling birth rate
  • Rising death rate
  • Natural decrease
  • Falling population
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8
Q

What 2 words describe what is happening to cause stage 5 on the Demographic Transition Model?

A

Ageing population

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9
Q

What are different development measures?

A
  • HDI
  • GNI per capita
  • GDP per capita
  • Birth rates
  • Death rates
  • People per doctor
  • Infant mortality rates
  • Literacy rates
  • Life expectancy
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10
Q

What can ‘quality of life’ refer to?

A
  • Economic factors
  • Physical factors
  • Social factors
  • Pschological factors
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11
Q

How can development indicators be misleading?

A
  • Subsistence farming isn’t counted in GNI data
  • There could be high inequality meaning that average GDP/GNI might be an inflated figure for most people
  • Data may not always be accurate-people may lie about their earnings
  • Data may be hard to collect during a disaster or a conflict
  • Rapid migration may make it hard to collect data
  • Volatile exchange rates causes monetary data to be inaccurate
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12
Q

What is HDI comprised of?

A
  • Income
  • Life expectancy
  • Education
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13
Q

What are the Physical causes of uneven development?

A
  • Being landlocked
  • Natural hazards
  • Poor climate (e.g droughts/permafrost)-hot+humid climates can lead to the spread of malaria
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14
Q

Whar are the Economic causes of uneven development?

A
  • Neocolonialism-poorer countries have fewer industries meaning that the need to import in expensive goods-this leads to a trade deficit for the LIC and a trade surplus for the HIC
  • Debt repayments by LICs to HICs have high interest rates
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15
Q

What are the Historical causes of uneven development?

A
  • From the 1400s onwards European explorers set out to control new territories as well as initialising the slave trade fom Africa to North America
  • The 1884 Berlin conference divided up Africa between European countries-colonialism
  • In 1950 freedom was given to all countries in Africa causing a power vacuum-this led to money being spent on conflict and not infrastructure
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16
Q

What does the Gini co-efficient measure?

A

Internal disparities of wealth

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17
Q

What are the consequences of uneven development?

A
  • Disparities in wealth
  • Disparities in health
  • Disparities causing international migration
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18
Q

What are the 6 methods used to bridge the development gap?

A
  • Foreign direct investment from TNC’s and industrial development
  • International aid
  • Fairtrade
  • Debt relief
  • Microfincance
  • Intermediate technologies
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19
Q

What is FDI from TNCs and what is an example of this?

A

Transnational corporations decide to setup in countries where labour is cheaper (outsourcing) leading to a spatial division of labour. Globalisation and containerisation has allowed TNC’s to spend more FDI and this sometimes takes place in SEZ’s (special economic zones) meaning that thay don’t have to pay any taxes. An example of this is in China apple factories have been set up.

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20
Q

What are the Benefits and Problems of FDI from TNCs?

A

Benefits:
* In 1981 88% of China was living in poverty-now only 0.7%
* FDI leads to economic growth and inproved quality of life (a giant leap forward)
* It can lead to a sectoral shift
* Can lead to a tiger economy (fast growth rate)
* Can create a positive multiplier effect (more income, more taxes, more government investment)

Problems:
* Can lead to exploitation of workers e.g. sweat shops, child labour
* Can lead to environmental damage
* Can lead to urban sprawl

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21
Q

What is international aid and what is an example of when this happened?

A

International aid is a gift of money/goods or services to a developing country and it doesn’t need to be repaid unlike a loan. This aid can come in the form of monetary aid, education and healthcare. Some examples of this are the one laptop per child policy funded by google-helping to distribute free laptops to 100,000s of children in South America and Africa. There is a UN goal of 0.7% of GDP however only 6 countries hit this. The tazara railway links Tanzania and Zambia.

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22
Q

What are the Benefits and Problems of International aid?

A

Benefits:
* Emergency aid in the time of disaster saves lives
* Aid helps rebuild livelihooods
* Medical aid can help save lives

Problems:
* Dependency on LICs on doner countries increases
* Corruption by leaders
* This may benefit employers more than employees

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23
Q

What is fairtrade and what is an example of this?

A

Fairtrade is giving farmers a fair price for their goods-there is a price guarantee as well as a social premium to develop the local area. Examples of fairtrade products are chocolate, bananas, wine. The ‘Divine’ chocolate bar company is 44% owned by cocoa farmers.

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24
Q

What are the benefits and problems of fairtrade?

A

Benefits:
* It gives farmers a higher quality of life
* It gives farmers a safety net
* Social benefits

Costs:
* It is still highly reliant on the consumer
* The majority of profits still go to stores

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25
Q

What is debt relief and what is an example of this?

A

Debt relief is where some or all of a country’s debt is cancelled or where interest rates are lowered. An example of this is in 2005 when the world’s riches countries agreed to cancel the debt of LIC’s. Also $4 billion worth of debt was cancelled in Zambia.

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26
Q

What are the benefits and problems of Debt relief?

A

Benefits:
* More money to spend on other things such as healthcare
Costs:
* Could be seen as a reward for countries that lack financial discipline

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27
Q

What is Microfinance and what is an example of this?

A

It is when small loans are given out to people who may not be able to get loans from traditional banks. These loans have low interest rates and must be paid back. An example of this is phones for women in Bangladesh-lends $200 for women to buy a mobile phone and other villagers pay her for the use of it-9 million people helped 97% women.

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28
Q

What are the Benefits and Problems of microfinance?

A

Benefits:
* Opportunity to escape the poverty cycle
* Cheap
Costs:
* Quite small scale
* Risky for lenders

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29
Q

What are intermediate technologies and what are examples of this?

A

Technology that is bottom up that the community can take ownership of to improve quality of life. Example is the Afridev hand pump.

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30
Q

What are the Benefits and Problems of Intermediate technologies?

A

Benefits:
* Simple to use
* Affordable
* Easy to maintain/repair
* Safe
* Leads to a more productive economy
Costs:
* Small scale
* Not very sophisticated
* Relatively expensive

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31
Q

Why has Tunisia become a popular tourist destination?

A
  • A Mediterranean climate with hot summers and mild, warm winters
  • Many links with europe
  • Houses 7 UNESCO World Heritage sites
  • Its physical landscape is diverse
  • There are cheap package holidays
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32
Q

How has tourism bridged the development gap in Tunisia?

A
  • Tunisia is now one of the wealthiest countries in Africa-incomes have quadrupled since the 1970s
  • The life expectancy has increased from 42-75
  • The government invests 4% of its GDP into healthcare
  • Literacy rates have risen from 66% to 79%
  • More families can now afford to send their children to school + university
  • Tourism has allowed Tunisia to connect to other places and cultures
  • School is now compulsory for girls and more women are entering higher education-increased equality
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33
Q

Why is tourism not a sustainable development strategy in Tunisia?

A
  • It pollutes the environment-untreates sewage is polluted
  • ‘Leakage’ of profits-foreign companies keep a large % of products
  • Terrorism in 2015-2 terrories attacks were aimed specifically at tourists-it is now veiwed as not a safe place to go on holiday
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34
Q

What is the median age in Nigeria?

A

15

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35
Q

What is Nigeria’s economy part of?

A

The MINT economy

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36
Q

What is the population of Nigeria?

A

201 million-7th largest in the world

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37
Q

What is the political context of Nigeria?

A
  • The map of Nigeria was drawn at the Berlin Conference in 1883
  • Several countries such as China, South Africa and America are now starting to make investments into Nigeria
  • Nigeria became independent from the UK in 1960 however only gained a stable government in 1999 after corruption issues and a civil war
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38
Q

What is the social context of Nigeria?

A
  • Economic inequality between the north and south has led to religious and ethnic tensions
  • Only 8 people died in the Ebola outbreak in 2014-showing how Nigeria managed to contain the disease with good healthcare and planning
  • Rapid rural-urban migration has happened in recent years-broken down many ethnic divisions in the country
39
Q

What is the cultural context of Nigeria?

A
  • Nigerian cinema (Nollywood) is the second largest film industry in the world
  • The Nigerian football team has won the African cup of nations 3 times
  • Nigeria is a multi ethnic, multi-faith country
  • Nigerian music is enjoyed across the continent and further
40
Q

What is the environmental context of Nigeria?

A
  • Much of the natural vegetation in Nigeria has been replaced by agriculture like Cocoa and palm oil
  • The Jos Plateau is an upland region which is wetter and cooler than the surrounding savannah
  • Southern Nigeria has a high temperatures and high annual rainfall, much of the area is forest
  • Nigeria is located 5-12 degrees north of the equator-tropical rainforest in the south and Savannah grassland in the north
41
Q

What are some of the fastest growing industries in Nigeria?

A
  • Telecommunications
  • Retail and wholesale
  • The film industry in Nigeria
42
Q

What change and has Nigeria’s economy undergone and why is this?

A

A sectoral shift from the primary to sectory sector leading to economic growth and development-this is due to the mechanisation of agriculture.

43
Q

What is the opposite of a vicious cycle?

A

A virtuous cycle

44
Q

What are the advantages of TNCs?

A
  • Bring investment into the country’s economy
  • Provide jobs, often at higher wage levels than average in the local economy
  • Bring expertise and new skills that the country does not have
  • Have international links that bring access to world markets
  • Provide new technology that helps economic development
  • Formal sector work-leading to corporation taxation
45
Q

What are the disadvantages of TNCs?

A
  • Leakage of profits
  • Lower wage levels in NEEs and LICs than HICs
  • Can cause environmental damage and deplete natural resources
  • TNCs can withdraw their investment from a country if they wish
  • TNC’s can exert political influence over the government in a country
  • Exploitation of workers
  • Neo-colonialism
46
Q

When did Shell set up in Nigeria?

A

1958

47
Q

What are the social benefits of Shell oil in Nigeria?

A
  • Social benefits program-providing running water and electricity
  • Education
  • Healthcare
48
Q

What are the economic benefits of Shell oil in Nigeria?

A
  • 65,000 people are directly employed by shell
  • Trickle down effect-money gets to the poorest in society
  • Microfinance to support small businesses
  • 91% of Shell contracts went to Nigerian Companies
49
Q

What are the environmental/social disadvantages of Shell oil in Nigeria?

A
  • Leaking oil pipelines-causes thick sludge-destroys crops
  • Large volumes of natural gases are released and burnt-cheap and has impacts on the environment-gas flaring-also releases carcinogenic chemicals
  • Oil pollution from offshore tankers kill fish in the sea
  • Contaminated groundwater
50
Q

Why is China investing in Nigeria?

A
  • Home to vast natural resources
  • Large market for China to sell its goods to
  • China are trying to gain soft power
51
Q

What are the 4 types of aid?

A
  • Multilateral aid
  • Bilateral aid
  • Short-term emergency relief
  • Long-term development assistance
52
Q

What is Multilateral aid?

A

Aid given by countries through international organisations, like the world bank or international monetary fund.

53
Q

What is Bilateral aid?

A

Aid given directly by one country to another-sometimes this is tied aid with conditions attached

54
Q

What is Short-term emergency relief?

A

Aid to cope with immediate problems caused by disasters

55
Q

What is Long-term development assistance?

A

Aid helping people to improve their lives through education, healthcare or agricultural development

56
Q

What are the reasons why Nigeria should recieve aid?

A
  • Over 60% of the population lives on less than $1.25 per day
  • Infant mortality and death rates are high
  • Malaria is very prevelant still in Nigeria
  • Poor gender equality in Education
57
Q

What are the reasons why Nigeria shouldn’t recieve aid?

A
  • They may become dependant on international aid-invest in short term solutions
  • They have their own space program as well as decent growth
  • Nigeria is a NEE-doesn’t need aid
  • MINT country
  • Corruption
58
Q

What are the strengths of Nigeria’s economy?

A
  • High economic growth
  • Democratic Gov since 1999
  • Many trading partners
  • Increasing young population
  • Coastline with ports
59
Q

What are the weaknesses of Nigeria’s economy?

A
  • Massive inequality
  • North and south religious difference
  • High dependency ratio
  • Economic leakage
  • Corruption
  • Neo-colonialism
60
Q

What are the opportunities of Nigeria’s economy?

A
  • Nigeria attracts FDI
  • Good relationship with china
  • Massive future workforce
  • Growing education in the formal sector
  • Trickle down effects
61
Q

What are the threats of Nigeria’s economy?

A
  • Oil is finite-might run out
  • Oil isn’t environmentally sustainable
  • TNC’s leaving
  • Terrorism
  • Brain drain
62
Q

What are the economic impacts of deindustrialisation in the UK?

A
  • Unemployment
  • Negative multiplier effect
  • Spiral of decline
  • Lack of re-investment
63
Q

What are the social impacts of deindustrialisation in the UK?

A
  • Less services
  • Depopulation
  • High crime rates
  • Social deprivation
  • Lack of social opportunities
64
Q

What are the environmental impacts of de-industrialisation in the UK?

A
  • Doughnut effect
  • Deriliction
  • Urban decay
  • Brownfield sites
  • Low quality environment
65
Q

What is globalisation?

A

The growth and spread of ideas around the world: This can involve the spread of cultures, people, money and information

66
Q

What can the government do to respond to deindustrialisation?

A
  • Invest in new infrastructure, including roads and industrial estates-urban development corporations
  • Encouraging foreign direct investment from large TNCs
  • Setting up a regional development agency
  • £1 houses in Anfield
67
Q

What is a post industrial economy?

A

Where manufacturing industry declines to be replaced by growth in the service sector-coupled with the development of the quaternary sector

68
Q

What are growth corridors?

A

Major transport routes, where the fastest economic growth is happening

69
Q

What is an example of a growth corridor and how important is it to the UK economy?

A
  • M4 Corridor-produces 8% UK’s economic output-as much as Machester and Birmingham combined
70
Q

What are the benefits of the M4 growth corridor’s location?

A
  • A good environment, close to the countryside
  • Near to universities for highly educated workforce
  • Industries located close to the M4 and main London-Bristol railway
  • Land prices and rents are cheaper outside London
  • Heathrow airport
71
Q

Why would businesses choose setting up in London over growth corridors?

A
  • Attraction of urban living for a young workforce
  • Proximity of similar companies to swap ideas and workers
  • New businesses require less space
72
Q

What are the advantages of Cambridge science park?

A
  • Good transport links
  • Graduates from the university provide a highly educated workforce
  • There are few traditional industries to compete for space so rents are lower
  • The city offers a good quality of life with plenty if shops and open spaces
  • There are good links berween colleges and industry
73
Q

What are the disadvantages of Cambride science park?

A
  • The city is overcrowded making it difficult to drive or park
  • House prices are high and still rising, making it expensive to live there
  • Road and rail routes need to be improved to speed up connections to other cities apart from London
74
Q

What is counter urbanisation?

A

Where large numbers of people move from urban areas into rural areas

75
Q

What is rural depopulation?

A

When large numbers of people are leaving the countryside

76
Q

What are the problems of rural population growth?

A
  • Worse transport links
  • Urban sprawl
  • Lack of schools
  • Gentrification
  • Strain on services
  • Traffic conjestion
77
Q

What are the problems of rural depopulation?

A
  • Businesses close down
  • Less services
  • Deriliction/Depopulation
  • Ageing population
  • Brain drain
  • Spiral of decline
78
Q

What is the North-South divide?

A

The cultural and economic difference between the south and north of England

79
Q

What are strategies to reduce the North-South divide and how to they work?

A
  • Assisted areas-identifying areas that need special help and giving them money to promote new businesses
  • Improving transport infrastructure
  • Giving more money to individual cities to let them make their own decisions on how to raise and spend their money (devolution)
80
Q

Where will HS2 be built?
How much will HS2 cost?

A
  • Between London and Birmingham
  • Over £80bn
81
Q

What are the arguments for HS2?

A
  • It will take pressure off the existing road and rail networks, encouraging more people to travel by rail
  • It will reduce journey times between cities so people spend less time travelling
  • It will bring economic benefits to the Midlands and northern England
82
Q

What do supporters of HS2 say?

A
  • It will create thousands of jobs in the Midlands and northern England (30,000) at peak construction
  • It is estimated that HS2 will help generate £40bn for the UK economy
  • It will increase the number of rail passengers and make transport more sustainable
  • It will reduce the number of people who fly between UK cities
  • It will be a faster way to travel between cities
  • It will be carbon-neutral-reduce journeys using other transport
83
Q

What do the objectors of HS2 say?

A
  • It is more likely to create jobs in London as people will commute instead
  • The cost of HS2 is estimated at over £80bn
  • Existing rail routes could be improved to increase the number of passengers
  • The number of people flying within the UK is already falling
  • It will increase carbon emissions due to high speed trains using more power
84
Q

How many people will London Gateway employ once completed?

A

2000 directly with another 6000 employed at a logistics park next to it

85
Q

What is the main advantage of London gateway?

A

It brings the largest shoips closer to London

86
Q

What are the arguments for the Heathrow runway expansion?

A
  • It will help London to compete with rivals like New York and Paris
  • The airport already employs 76,000 people and supports a similar amount of jobs in London
  • The expansion would boost the UK economy by over £200bn
87
Q

What are the arguments against the Heathrow runway expansion?

A
  • It is already the largest emitter of CO₂ in the UK-will increase if the airport expands
  • Noise pollution will get worse for 1 million people who live below the flight path
  • 1 village will need to be destroyed (Harmondsworth) and 2 others are threatened
88
Q

What are the areas in which cars can have environmental impacts?

A
  • Fuel consumption
  • Manufacturing
  • Sourcis natural Resources
  • Air pollution
  • Disposal
89
Q

How can the car industry be more environmentally friendly?

A
  • More electric and hybrid cars
  • Reducing energy and water used in production
  • Recycling more of the car
  • More British parts in cars
  • Renewable energy sources
90
Q

What are some facts about Nissan’s manufacturing plant near Sunderland?

A
  • Production began in 1986
  • 7000 employed
  • 28,000 jobs
  • 500,000 cars produced each year (1/3rd) of those produced in the entire UK
  • 7% energy generated by wind turbines
91
Q

What groups are the UK in?

A
  • The commonwealth
  • The EU (until 31st Dec 2018)
92
Q

What are the UK’s main trading partners?

A

Exports: USA, Germany, Netherlands, France, Belgium
Imports: Germany, China, Netherlands, USA, France

93
Q

What was the main benefit of staying in the EU?

A
  • Free trade agreements

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