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Geography > 2-Urban issues and challenges > Flashcards

2-Urban issues and challenges Flashcards

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1
Q

What are and explain the 2 causes of urbanisation?

A

1)Rural to urban migration-due to push and pull factors

2)Natural increase-more births due to a younger population and less deaths due to better healthcare services

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2
Q

By 2030 what percentage of the world’s population will live in urban areas?

A

60%

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3
Q

What is a megacity?

A

A city with a population of more than 10 million

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4
Q

What are the 4 factors that affect the rate of urbanisation?

A
  • Migration
  • Natural increase
  • Location
  • Economic development
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5
Q

What cities are China planning to merge to create one large megacity with a population of 120 million?

A
  • Hong Kong
  • Shenzen
  • Guangzhou
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6
Q

Name some push factors that lead to rural-urban migration[7]

A
  • Land shortages in rural areas
  • Poor Education and health services
  • Few job opportunities
  • Weather dependent income
  • Low wages-hard work
  • Land degradation
  • Political unrest creates insecurity in rural areas
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7
Q

1)Name some pull factors that lead to rural-urban migration

2)What term is used to describe a vision of a better life?

A

1)
* Better services
* More job opportunities
* Better healthcare
* Safer environment
* Higher quality of life
* Higher paying jobs

2) Bright light syndrome

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8
Q

Where is Lagos located?

A

In the southwest of Nigeria on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea

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9
Q

Key facts about Lagos:

1)What is the population of Lagos?
2)How much of Nigeria’s industry is based in and around Lagos?
3)How much of Nigeria’s wealth is generated in Lagos?
4)What is Nigeria’s film industry based in Lagos called?
5)What is Lagos known as?

A

1) 21 million
2) 80%
3) 25%
4) Nollywood
5) The financial hub of Africa

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10
Q

What opportunities has urban growth brought to Lagos?

A
  • Social opportunities
  • Education
  • Healthcare
  • Economic opportunities-composed of the formal and informal sector
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11
Q

What challenges has urban growth brought to Lagos?

A
  • Overpopulation-Urban sprawl
  • Clean water shortages
  • Sanitation
  • Energy
  • Unemployment
  • Crime
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12
Q

What does FDI stand for?

A

Foreign Direct Investment

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13
Q

Eko Atlantic:

1)How much land was reclaimed to build it?
2)What is it trying to attract?
3)What effects will this lead to?
4)What is the sea wall called?
5)What is being built in it?
6)How many people will it employ?

A

1) 10km²
2) FDI
3) Trickle down effects
4) The great wall of Lagos
5) A $12 billion oil refinery
6) 400,000

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14
Q

What is Olysosun?

A

Olysosun is a rubbish dump in the centre of Lagos

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15
Q

What are some benefits of Olysosun?

A
  • Around 500 people work at the site-employment in the informal sector
  • Workers build their houses out of discarded materials at the dump
  • There are shops, restaurants, bars, cinemas and mosques
  • Rubbish can be turned into energy by harnessing methane gas-25MW of electricity
  • People can save money by buying recycled goods
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16
Q

What are some challenges of Olysosun?

A
  • Natural gases build up due to decomposing waste-leads to fires
  • Dangerous-lots of workers have no gloves or shoes
  • Electric waste is treated with chemicals to extract reusable materials-releases fumes
  • Only 13% of the waste is recycled
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17
Q

What are the problems with Makoko?

A
  • Poor building quality
  • Cramped conditions
  • Low quality of life
  • Lack of formal litter collection-poor sanitations
  • Rising sea levels
  • Dirty water
  • High crime rate
  • High unemployment
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18
Q

What are some positives of Makoko?

A
  • Africa’s largest population
  • Rich in resources
  • Opportunities to make money in the informal sector
  • Education opportunities
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19
Q

What are water problems in Lagos?

A
  • Open drains carry surface rainwater, polluted by sewage into rivers and lagoons
  • Groundwater is salty due to rising sea levels-unsuitable to drink
  • Residents dig wells or sink boreholes-this water can be contaminated
  • Water treatment plants only provide 10% of clean water in Lagos
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20
Q

What are sanitation problems in Lagos?

A
  • Drinking dirty water can lead to diseases like cholera and dysentery-caused by chemical and bacterial pollution
  • Sewage can soak into the ground affecting boreholes and wells-water from Vendors can still be contaminated
  • 1 compulsary sanitation day per month-residents complain-stops them earning money
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21
Q

What are energy supply problems in Lagos?

A
  • There is no reliable energy supply in Lagos
  • Power cuts happen frequently
  • 80% rely on diesel generators-leads to pollution
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22
Q

What is the traffic congestion in Lagos called?

A

The ‘go slow’

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23
Q

What are problems with the ‘go slow’

A
  • Air pollution
  • Noise pollution
  • Fights can break out
  • Less economic activity
  • 3x normal risk of a fatal accident
  • Spends over 3 hours in traffic per day
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24
Q

What is the BRT?

Give some facts about it

A

Bus rapid transit

  • 200,000 people use it per day-1/4 of all commuters in Lagos
  • It reduces travel times
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25
Q

What are Danfos?
Give some facts about them

A

Minibus taxis
* They are designed to hold up to 15 people-can hold up to 30
* Reduce congestion

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26
Q

What is the LRMT?
Give some facts about it

A

Lagos rail mass transit
It is a light railway with a west-east route into the CBD of Lagos
Can carry 7x the amount of people as the BRT
Reduces traffic

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27
Q

What is the intergrated transport system?

A

It is were road, rail and waterway networks link together-such as by creating car-parks

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28
Q

What are some advantages of the Makoko floating school?

A
  • It won’t be flooded
  • It is made of sustainable materials-environmentally sustainable
  • It is cheap-economically sustainable
  • It provides education for 60 children-socially sustainable
  • Solar panels create electricity
  • A green area can be used for trading
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29
Q

Where are the fastest growing cities in the UK?

A

In the South-East

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30
Q

What are the 4 steps in the cycle of urbanisation?

A

1) Urbanisation
2) Suburbinisation
3) Counter-urbanisation
4) Re-urbanisation

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31
Q

When did counter-urbanisation begin?

A

After World War II

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32
Q

What causes Suburbanisation?

A

Improvements in transports-this leads to urban sprawl

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33
Q

What causes Counter-urbanisation?

A
  • De-industrialisation-a lack of jobs
  • Pollution
  • Traffic
  • Crime
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34
Q

What causes Re-urbanisation?

A

Regeneration

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35
Q

What two factors led to London’s success as a city?

A

1) The Thames being a tidal river-at high tide ships were able to traverse up the river-London became a port.
2) London being built on the lowest bridging point-widest part of the river that at the time could be bridged across

36
Q

What is London’s national and international importance?

A
  • It is the UK’s largest and wealthiest city by far
  • It had a status of a world city-Along with New York it is one of the two most important financial centres in the world
37
Q

What is the average age group in London?

A

25-29

38
Q

What percentage of London’s population are White British?

A

45%

39
Q

What is the process of rising property prices-linked to an area becoming more middle class?

A

Gentrification

40
Q

What community moved into Shoreditch after de-industrialisation?

A

The Bangledeshi community

41
Q

What caused gentrification in Shoreditch?

A

Young professionals moved in to the area-this caused property prices and rents to increase and the Bangladeshi community were forced out

42
Q

What is an example of an independent business in Shoreditch?

A

The Cereal Killer Cafe

43
Q

What is the name of the roundabout in Shoreditch that houses many hi-tech tech industries?

A

Old street (Silicon) roundabout

44
Q

What are some benefits of Gentrification?

A
  • Cultural Hotspots are created
  • New businesses are opened up
  • The Positive Multiplier Effect
  • A booming economy
  • Interesting place to live
45
Q

What are some problems of Gentrification?

A
  • Property and rent prices increase
  • People are forced out of the area
  • Communities are destroyed
  • Social disorder
46
Q

What is Crossrail?

Give some facts about it

A
  • A new train line that crosses London from the west to the east of London starting in Reading and ending in Shenfield.
  • There will be 9 new stations built
  • 65 new trains-can hold 1500 passengers each that are 205m long
  • It cost £18.8 billion
47
Q

What are some advantages of crossrail?

A
  • Estimated £42 billion to the wider economy
  • It brings an extra 1.5 million people within a 45min journey of Central London
  • It reduces journey times from Liverpool Street-Heathrow from 1hr-35mins
  • It provides more links to the underground
  • It increases the number of passenger journeys annually by 10% or 200million
  • Improved access for disabled people
  • Wifi access
  • 55,000 full time jobs generated
48
Q

What are some drawbacks of crossrail?

A
  • High initial cost
  • Rising property values around stations by 25%-causing gentrification
49
Q

How much London is green?

A

47%

50
Q

Why is London so green?

A
  • Central London parks
  • Local parks
  • Suburban growth-the green belt
51
Q

What strategies can be used to make London greener?

A
  • People doing small scale actions such as by not paving over gardens
  • On a larger scale by connecting the green spaces we already have to let species migrate naturally
52
Q

What are the benefits of greening in London?

A
  • Improved air quality
  • Regulate air temperature
  • Lower carbon emissions
  • Natural drainage
  • Offers homes for wildlife
  • Health benefits
  • Provides space for exercise
  • Reduces stress
  • Economic value
  • Significant role in child development
53
Q

What was the reason for the decline of the London Docklands?

A
  • The docks weren’t large enough to hold the new container ships-this was because of containerisation and as a result of globalisation
54
Q

What were economic impacts of the London Docklands closing down?

A
  • Unemployment
  • Less taxation
  • Negative multiplier effect
55
Q

What were social impacts of the London Docklands closing down?[5]

A
  • Unemployment
  • Deprivation
  • Crime increase
  • Depopulation
  • Less services
56
Q

What were environmental impacts of the London Docklands closing down?

A
  • Deriliction
  • Doughnut effect
  • Urban decay
57
Q

How many jobs were lost due to the London Docklands declining?

A

20,000

58
Q

How much land was derelict after the London Docklands declined?

A

60%

59
Q

What is the LDDC and when was it founded?

A

The London Docklands Decelopment Corporation founded in 1981

60
Q

What did the LDDC accomplish?

A

It attracted private investment-700 new firms now employ 100,000 people-high rise office buildings were constructed

61
Q

What zone helped attract private investment?

A

The Enterprise Zone-this was tax free for 3 years

62
Q

What is the new area called after the docklands were regenerated?

A

Canary Wharf

63
Q

What kinds of housing was built in Canary Wharf?

A
  • Low income housing to help reduce gentrification
  • High quality exclusive housing
64
Q

What is the DLR

A

Docklands Light Railway

65
Q

Name an area of social deprivation in London

A

Newham

66
Q

Name an area of prosperity in London

A

Kensington and Chelsea

67
Q

What are greenfield sites?

A

Areas of land not previously built on

68
Q

What are brownfield sites?

A

Areas of previously developed land which are now derilict

69
Q

What are some pros of building on greenfield sites?

A
  • Land is cheaper in rural areas
  • No demolition or decomtamination needed
70
Q

What are some cons of building on greenfield sites?

A
  • Natural habitat destroyed
  • Increased urban sprawl
  • Unlikely to be turned back into countryside
  • More need for cars-public transport is worse
  • Valuable farmland and recreational land is lost
71
Q

What are some pros of building on brownfield sites?

A
  • Sites available since industry declined
  • Public transport is better-less need for cars
  • New development can improve the urban environment
72
Q

What are some cons of building on brownfield sites?

A
  • Old buildings need to be demolished first
  • Land is more expensive in urban areas
  • The ground may need to be decontaminated
73
Q

What are cycle superhighways?

A

Fast routes for cyclists along main roads

74
Q

How much have cyclists increased by in London over that past 50 years?

A

1%-15% of all road users are cyclists

75
Q

What is some evidence of Deprivation in Stratford? [5]

A
  • 6% of the population is in temporary housing
  • Highest rate of unemployment in England
  • More than 20% of people dying before the age of 65
  • More than 20% of people low paid
  • Prevalence of ill health
76
Q

Give 6 reasons why Stratford was chosen as the olympics site

A
  • There was a large area of available land
  • East London has very good transport connections
  • Diverse-most diverse borough in London
  • Olympics bid promised to leave a lasting legacy-help regenerate East London
  • It was a brownfield site-cheap to renovate
  • It was deprived
77
Q

Name some social impacts of regeneration in Stratford

A
  • The east village (old athletes village provides homes for 2800 local people)
  • 2 new sports venues-aquatics centre and velopark open for the public
  • 5 new residential communities
  • 8000 new homes
78
Q

Name some economic impacts of regeneration in Stratford

A
  • Here east-new name for the media centre-5000 jobs in the creative and media industry
  • A new commercial development of high-rise offices employing 25k new people
  • Sectoral shift-secondary-tertiary
  • Westfield Stratford city employs 10,000 people
79
Q

Name some environmental impacts of regeneration in Stratford

A
  • Decontamination
  • Urban greening
  • 100 hectares of open space
80
Q

What are the characteristics of the following in a sustainable city?

1)Transport
2)Green space
3)Food production
4)Energy

A

1) Public transport, Bike paths, Electric charging points
2) Urban greening, Parks, Forests, Green walls and roofs
3) Urban farming initiatives, Hydroponics, Aeroponics
4) Renewable, ULEZ (Ultra Low Emission Zone)

81
Q

What is an ecological footprint?

A

The area of land that an individual or populaton needs for all of it’s inputs and outputs

82
Q

What is an example of a sustainable city?

A

Curitiba

83
Q

Where is Curitiba located?

A

Brazil

84
Q

What are some unique sustainable features of Curitiba?

A
  • A pedestrianised city centre (such as the street of flowers-pedestrianised for 15 blocks)
  • A series of interconnected parks that surround the city-4x reccomended green space/person
  • 3 lane traffic (arterial roads) with a seperate bus lane
  • Glass boarding tubes-to supply buses every 60s
85
Q

How many passengers do the buses in Curitiba carry per day?

A

2 million

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