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Geography > 3-Physical landscapes UK-Coasts > Flashcards

3-Physical landscapes UK-Coasts Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some properties of Constructive waves?

A
  • Strong swash
  • Weak backwash
  • Low wave height
  • Long wave length
  • Low energy
  • Deposit material
  • Under 11 waves/minute-low wave frequency
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2
Q

What are some properties of Destructive waves?

A
  • Weak swash
  • Strong backwash
  • High wave height
  • Short wave length
  • High energy
  • Erodes coastlines
  • Over 11 waves/minute-high wave frequency
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3
Q

What beaches are formed by constructive waves?

A

Flat, Sandy, Wide beaches

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4
Q

What beaches are formed by destructive waves?

A

Steep, Shingle, Narrow beaches

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5
Q

What is the fetch?

A

The maximum distance of open sea that a wind can blow over-larger the fetch the greater the probability of large waves

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6
Q

What is the crest?

A

The top of a wave

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7
Q

What is the trough?

A

The base of a wave

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8
Q

What is the wave height?

A

The vertical distance from trough to crest

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9
Q

What is the wave length?

A

The horizontal distance between two successive crests

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10
Q

What is wave frequency?

A

The number of waves breaking per minute

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11
Q

What causes waves to form?

A

The wind blowing and friction from the sea floor

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12
Q

Give and explain 3 examples of chemical weathering

A
  • Carbonation-where carbonic acid from rainwater reacts with calcium carbonate in limestone to form calcium bicarbonate-this is water solvable so the limestone is carried away in a solution
  • Hydrolysis-where acid rainwater breaks down the rock causing it to rot-when rainwater changes granite into clay
  • Oxidation-is where rocks react and are broken down by oxygen
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13
Q

Give 2 examples of mechanical weathering

A
  • Freeze thaw weathering
  • Salt weathering
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14
Q

Give a 4 step process of Freeze-thaw weathering

A

1) Water fills a crack or joint in the rock
2) Water freezes and the crack is widened
3) Repeated freeze-thaw action increases the size of the crack
4) Finally, the rock breaks off and the rock fragments break away and collect at the cliff as scree

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15
Q

How does salt weathering work?

A

Where salt spray from the sea gets into a crack, evaporates and crystallise and puts pressure on the surrounding rock weakening its structure

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16
Q

What are the and briefly describe the 3 types of mass movement?

A
  • Sliding-Diagonal path
  • Falling-Vertical path
  • Slumping-Concave, Curved path
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17
Q

What are the 4 processes of coastal erosion?

A
  • Hydraulic action
  • Abrasion
  • Solution
  • Attrition
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18
Q

Explain Hydraulic action

A

Water compresses air into cracks increasing pressure creating an explosive effect

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19
Q

Explain Abrasion

A

The scratching and scraping of cliff faces as sand and shingle are thrown at a cliff face

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20
Q

Explain Solution

A

The rocks are eroded chemically due to the composition of the sea

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21
Q

Explain Attrition

A

Particles are worn down as they collide with each other leading them to become smaller and rounded

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22
Q

What are the and what is transported by the 4 methods of transportation?

A
  • Traction-Large pebbles and boulders rolling along the seabed
  • Saltation-Smaller pebbles bouncing across the seabed
  • Suspension-Particles carried in the water
  • Solution-Dissolved chemicals often found in limestone or clay
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23
Q

What are key terms used when describing longshore drift?

A
  • Swash
  • Backwash
  • Direction of longshore drift
  • Prevailing wind
  • Perpendicular
  • Gravity
  • Sediment
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24
Q

Fill in the blanks:

The …………. is where sediment is carried up the beach in the direction of the …………………. ………… When the sediment falls back down the beach due to ………….. this is known as the ………………. and happens at a …………. angle. This process is ……………. over time and causes …………………-………………….. .

A
  • Swash
  • Prevailing
  • Gravity
  • Backwash
  • Perpendicular/Right
  • Repeated
  • Longshore-Drift
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25
Q

When and where does deposition occur?

A

Deposition occurs when waves lose their energy. This might occur at a bend in a coastline such as a bay or when an obstacle is met

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26
Q

What is the difference between a concordant and discordant coastline?

A

Concordant coastline-layers of soft and hard rock are parallell to the sea
Discordant coastline-layers of soft and hard rock are at a perpendicular to the sea-this can form headlands and bays

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27
Q

Give 2 examples of soft and hard rocks

A
  • Soft rocks-clay, chalk
  • Hard rocks-granite, sandstone
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28
Q

How do headlands and bays form? (4)

A

At a discordant coastline, the soft rock is eroded faster than the harder rock this causes the hard rock to over time stick out. Now, as the waves approach the coastline they refract. This is because the waves slow down infront of the headland due to friction. The wave’s energy is therefore concentrated onto the sides of the headland via converging waves causing lateral erosion. They other energy is dispersed in the bays leading to deposition and beaches.

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29
Q

How are caves, arches, stacks and stumps formed? (6)

A

1) A large crack in the headland is enlarged by hydralic action
2) The crack grows into a notch and then a cave due to destructive waves converging
3) Over time the cave becomes larger and the sea breaks through forming a natural arch
4) Weathering continues to weaken the top of the arch making it unstable until it eventually collapses
5) This leaves behind a pillar of detached rock called a stack
6) Notches form on the base of the stack via erosion and eventually it will fall into the sea and become a stump

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30
Q

Where does a wave cut platform form?

A

Between the low and high tide watermark

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31
Q

What type of weathering weakens the cliff face to allow a wave cut platform to form?

A

Freeze-thaw

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32
Q

What is formed due to erosion in the formation of a wave, cut platform

A

A wave cut notch

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33
Q

After the wave cut notch forms what is the section of cliff above it described as?

A

Overhang

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34
Q

What are some characteristics of a sandy beach?

A
  • Shallow gradient
  • Constructive waves
  • Stretches a far way inland
  • At low tide water-filled depressions called runnels form
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35
Q

What are some characteristics of a shingle beach?

A
  • Steep gradient
  • Destructive waves
  • Stretches not far inland
  • Pebbles increase in size towards the end of the beach
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36
Q

Where do sandy beaches form?

A

In bays

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37
Q

Where do shingle beaches form?

A

On exposed areas of coastline

38
Q

What is a berm?

A

A terrace on a beach that has formed in the backshore, above the water level at high tide.

39
Q

What are the 5 areas of the beach from the back of the beach to the sea?

A

Dunes, Backshore, Foreshore, Nearshore, Offshore

40
Q

When can an offshore bar form due to destructive waves eroding sand dunes and berms?

A

Winter

41
Q

When and why does a spit form?

A

A spit forms at a change in shape of a coastline as the waves lose energy-this causes deposition and the spit begins to grow out to sea

42
Q

What is the hook at the end of a spit called?

A

A recurve hook

43
Q

What forms a recurve hook?

A

A secondary prevailing wind

44
Q

What forms behind a spit?

A

A salt marsh

45
Q

What is the difference between a spit, bar and tombola

A
  • A spit is a jutting out section of beach
  • A bar forms along an estuary and connects 2 sections of land
  • A tombola connects some land to an island off-shore
46
Q

What is needed for sandunes to form?

A
  • A large sandy beach
  • A large tidal range
  • A prevailing onshore wind
  • Obstacles such as drift wood to trap the sand
47
Q

What are the 4 types of sand dunes?

A
  • Embryo dunes
  • Yellow dunes
  • Grey dunes
  • Wasting dunes
48
Q

What are characteristics of embryo dunes?

A
  • Shortest dunes in height
  • 90% bare sand
  • Highly adapted vegetation
  • Highly adapted vegetation-pioneer species-Xerophytic and Halophytic plants
49
Q

What are some characteristics of yellow dunes?

A
  • Harsh conditions
  • 60% bare sand
  • A few metres tall
  • Marram grass-common species
50
Q

What are some characteristics of grey dunes?

A
  • 10% bare sand
  • Improved conditions
  • Better soil quality
  • Less salty
  • Increased biodiversity
  • 10m tall
51
Q

What are some characteristics of wasting dunes?

A
  • Nearly 100% vegetation
  • Best conditions for plant growth
  • Highest biodiversity
  • Lower in height
52
Q

What are Xerophytes

A

Plants that can survive in very dry environments-Xerophytic plants

53
Q

What are Halophytes?

A

Plants that can survive in very salty conditions-Halophytic plants

54
Q

What are changes in vegetation called?

A

A plant succession

55
Q

What is the final species in a plant succession called?

A

A climatic climax community

56
Q

What are 4 examples of hard engineering?

A
  • Sea walls
  • Groynes
  • Rock armour (rip rap)
  • Gabions
57
Q

What are sea walls?

A
  • Concrete walls providing a barrier between sea and land-can be recurve or flat
58
Q

What are groynes?

A

Wooden or stone fence like structures built at a perpendicular to the beach at 50m apart to help stop longshore drift

59
Q

What is rock armour?

A

Thousands of tonnes of boulders of hard rock acting as a barrier between the sea and land

60
Q

What are gabions?

A

Wire mesh cages filled with pebbles or rocks placed at the back of the beach

61
Q

What are the benefits of sea walls?

A
  • It gives people a sense of security
  • It can also house a promenade, cycle routes and steps at the bottom for seating areas
  • They can last for many years if well maintained
  • They don’t impediment the movement of sediment downdrift
62
Q

What are some costs of sea walls?

A
  • They restict people’s access to the beach
  • They are extremely expensive-over £5000 per linear metre
  • It is ugly to look at
63
Q

What are some benefits of groynes?

A
  • Groynes can double as windbreaks
  • People can walk across some of them
  • They are relatively cheap at £5000 each and if well maintained can last up to 40 years
64
Q

What are some costs of groynes?

A
  • They are barriers that impede walking along beaches
  • They can be dangerous with deep water on only one side
  • They restrict the amount of sediment down-drift
  • They can be considered unattractive
65
Q

What are some benefits of rock armour?

A
  • Relatively cheap
  • Quick to build and easy to maintain
  • It is versatile-can be used normally, infront of sea walls or used to stabilise slopes on sand dunes
66
Q

What are some costs of rock armour?

A
  • It makes access to the beach difficult
  • They need regular maintainence
  • Rock armour is ugly and covers vast areas of beaches
  • Driftwood and litter can be trapped in the structure
67
Q

What are some benefits of gabions?

A
  • They are relatively cheap at £110 per metre
  • They blend in better than other hard engineering methods
  • They can last a long time-20-25 years
68
Q

What are some costs of gabions?

A
  • Restricted to sandy beaches
  • Easily destroyed-need regular maintainence
  • They are dangerous in a damaged state to humans and wildlife and are unsightly
69
Q

What are 4 examples of soft engineering?

A
  • Beach nourishment
  • Beach reprofiling
  • Sand dune regeneration
  • Managed retreat (coastal realignment)
70
Q

What is beach nourishment?

A

It is where lost sediment is replaced usually by dredgers

71
Q

What is beach reprofiling?

A

The artificial reshaping of the beach using existing material where bulldozers move shingle back up the beach

72
Q

What is sand dune regeneration?

A

The artificial creation of new sand dunes or restoration of existing ones

73
Q

What is managed retreat (coastal realignment)

A

When a decision has been made to let the coastline retreat naturally in controlled conditions-this can be initiated by opening up holes in sea walls

74
Q

What are some benefits of beach nourishment?

A
  • More room for beach users
  • Looks nice-can attract tourists
  • Is natural and blends in with the environment
75
Q

What are some costs of beach nourishment?

A
  • The beach is restricted for several weeks during re-nourishments
  • High costs-has to be repeated every 6 months
  • It can be quickly lost in stormy conditions
76
Q

What are some benefits of beach reprofiling?

A
  • It has prevented flooding in Pevensy and it still looks fairly natural
  • It makes the residents feel safe-has protected the area behind the beach
77
Q

What are some costs of beach reprofiling?

A
  • Bulldosers restrict access to beaches while it takes place
  • Major reprofiling costs can be expensive
  • Steep, high crested beaches can look unnatural and uninviting to tourists
78
Q

What are some benefits of sand dune regeneration?

A
  • They can create popular picnic sites
  • Cheap process
  • Costs of labour are minimal-planting projects often use volunteers
79
Q

What are some costs of sand dune regeneration?

A
  • While becoming established, regenerated sand dunes are fenced off-this could deter tourists
  • It has to be checked twice a year with expensive fertilisers applied as well as boardwalks and signs needing to be built
  • Sand dunes are a dynamic environment so there is no guarentee they will be stable
80
Q

What are some benefits of managed retreat (coastal realignment)

A
  • It can help take pressure off areas further along the coast-reduce their risk of flooding
  • It is often cheaper in the long term
  • It can create new intertidal habitats
81
Q

What are some costs of managed realignment?

A
  • Relocation of people to new homes can cause disruption and distress
  • Short-term costs may be high due to relocation costs
  • Large areas of agricultural land are lost
82
Q

Give an example of stacks on the Dorset Coast

A

The Pinnacles or Old Harry

83
Q

Give some examples of beaches in the bays on the Dorset coast

A

Swanage and Studland bay

84
Q

Give an example of a spit on the Dorset coast

A

Sandbanks

85
Q

Why was coastal management needed in Lyme Regis? [4]

A
  • Lyme Regis experiences erosion and as most of the town had been constructed on unstable cliffs, this is dangerous if not managed correctly
  • It experiences some of the highest erosion rates in Europe
  • Landslides due to soft rock on hard rock were common
  • Tourist numbers were down due to the lack of beaches-caused by erosion
86
Q

What was phase 1 of the coastal management strategy at Lyme Regis?

A

Phase 1 involved the construction of a sea wall and promenade to the east of the mouth of the River Lim. It involved using large nails to hold the rocks together, as well as improving drainage and reprofiling the slope of the beach.

87
Q

What was phase 2 of the coastal management strategy at Lyme Regis?

A

£22 million was spent on:
* the construction of new seawalls and promenades
* the creation of a wide sand and shingle beach designed to absorb wave energy
* the extension of rock armour to protect the harbour wall and on the eastern end to retain the new beach

88
Q

What was phase 3 of the coastal management strategy at Lyme Regis?

A

Phase 3 was a plan to prevent landslides and coastal erosion to the west was cancelled-the cost outweighed the benefits

89
Q

What was phase 4 of the coastal management strategy at Lyme Regis?

A
  • Defences were constructed to protect the east of the town
  • A 390m long sea wall was built infront of the existing wall as well as nails installed into the cliff to stabilise them
  • This cost £20 million
90
Q

What are the positive impacts of coastal regeneration at Lyme Regis?

A
  • The attractiveness of the seafront has increased due to beach nourishment and the wide promenade-this has led to increased visitor numbers-better for local businesses
  • New defences have withstood stormy weather
  • The harbour is better protected-benefiting the fishing industry and boat owners
91
Q

What are the negative impacts of coastal regeneration at Lyme Regis?

A
  • As a result of increasing visitor numbers, conflicts, litter and congestion have increased
  • Some feel the coastal defences have spoilt the natural landscape
  • The new defences may interfere with natural coastal processes-causing conflicts elsewhere
  • Stabilising cliffs to reduce landslides will reduce the number of fossils in the area

Geography (8 decks)

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