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Geography > 1-The challenge of natural hazards > Flashcards

1-The challenge of natural hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

Define a natural hazard

A

A physical event e.g. an earthquake that threatens people and that has the potential to cause damage, destruction or death

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of hazards and what are some examples?

A

Meteorological (weather) hazards-
Hurricanes, Flash floods

Tectonic hazards-
Volcanoes, Tsunamis

Geomorphological hazards-
Avalanches, Mudslides

Biological hazards-Viruses

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3
Q

What is hazard risk?

A

The chance or probability of being affected by a natural event

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4
Q

In distribution questions what should be included?

A
  • Say what you see
  • T.E.A (Trend, Evidence, Anomaly)
  • Compass directions
  • Examples from the figure (place names)
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5
Q

What are the 4 layers of the earth?

A

Crust, Mantle, Outer core, Inner core

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6
Q

What is another name for the crust?

A

The lithosphere

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7
Q

Who created the theory of continental drift and when?

A

Alfred Wegener-1912-only proved in 1960

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8
Q

What evidence is there for continental drift?

A
  • Jigsaw theory
  • Evidence of life-fossil correlation
  • Rock and mountain correlation
  • Evidence of glaciers
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9
Q

What are the 3 theories for plate movement?
Describe each of them

A
  • Convection currents:
    Magma is heated by the core, rises, gets pushed sideways at the crust, loses heat energy and drops back down
  • Slab pull-destructive plate margins:
    Oceanic crust subducts beneath continental crust due to gravity-this pulls down the oceanic crust with it
  • Ridge push-constructive plate margins:
    Ocean ridges form due to magma rising and cooling down on the sides of the ridges-this ‘pushes’ the plates downwards and away from each other
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10
Q

What causes and what is formed by a constructive plate boundary?

A
  • Constructive plate boundary is caused by similar plates moving apart
  • It forms Shield volcanoes and Ocean ridges in the sea and Rift valleys on land
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11
Q

What causes and what is formed by a destructive plate boundary?

A
  • Destructive plate boundary is caused by differing or both continental plates moving towards each other with the heavier (oceanic plate) subducting underneath the continental plate.
  • It forms Composite-cone volcanoes, fold mountains and earthquakes.
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12
Q

What causes and what is formed by a conservative plate boundary?

A

Two plates sliding alongside each other
Earthquakes (seismic activity)

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13
Q

Give an example of a real life plate margin that is
1)Destructive
2)Constructive
3)Conservative

A

1)Between the Nazca and South American plates-Andes mountains
2)Between the Eurasian and North Atlantic plates-Mid Atlantic ridge
3) Between the North American and Pacific Plates-San Andreas fault line

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14
Q

What is the process that causes earthquakes due to friction causing a build up of pressure between two plates?

A

Stick and slip

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15
Q

1)What is the centre of an earthquake called?
2)What is the area above Q1 called?
3)What are caused by earthquakes?
4)What is the scale used to measure an earthquake?

A

1)Focal point
2)Epicentre
3)Seismic waves
4)The Richter scale

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16
Q

Gorkha (Nepal) earthquake key info:

1)When did it happen?
2)Where did it happen?
3)What was the magnitude?

A

1) 25th April 2015
2) Epicenter was 80km from capital Kathmandu
3) 7.8

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17
Q

What are some Gorkha (Nepal) earthquake primary effects? (7)

A
  • 8841 deaths
  • 16800 injured
  • 1 million homeless
  • 26 hospitals destroyed
  • 50% of schools destroyed
  • The Dharahara tower-a world heritage sight was destroyed
  • $6.7 billion in damage
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18
Q

What are some Gorkha (Nepal) earthquake secondary effects? (7)

A
  • 352 aftershocks
  • Secondary earthquake on the 7.3 magnitude
  • An avalanche on Mount Everest killing 19 people
  • Tourism which is 8.9% of Nepal’s GDP was affected
  • Rice stored in homes was ruined-food shortages and income loss-2/3 of population depend on farming
  • Landslides in Langtang Valley burying Langtang village
  • High risk of waterbourne diseases-monsoon season
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19
Q

What are some Gorkha (Nepal) earthquake immediate responses? (8)

A
  • In Kathmandu there were triage officers
  • The army was called to help in the search and rescue efforts
  • 180 climbers rescued on Everest
  • The UK’s Disasters Emergency Committee (DEC) raised $126 million of emergency aid
  • Red cross provided tents for 225,000 people
  • Sherpas were used to hike supplies to remote areas
  • Free telephone calls
  • Facebook emergency feature
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20
Q

What are some Gorkha (Nepal) earthquake Long-term responses? (5)

A
  • A Post-Disaster Needs Assessment was carried out by the Nepal government and international organisations
  • $274 million of aid committed towards recovery efforts
  • 23 areas required rebuilding
  • Tourism Ministry extended climbing permits to 2017
  • FAO trained individuals how to repair irrigation channels
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21
Q

L’Aquila (Italy) earthquake key info:

1)When did it happen?
2)Where did it happen?
3)What was the magnitude?

A

1) 6th April 2009
2) Epicentre was 7km away from L’Aquila
3) 6.3

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22
Q

What are some L’Aquila (Italy) earthquake primary effects? (7)

A
  • 308 deaths
  • 1500 injured
  • 67,500 made homeless
  • 10,000-15,000 buildings collapsed
  • L’Aquila University destroyed
  • Many churches and cultural buildings destroyed
  • $15 billion damage
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23
Q

What are some L’Aquila (Italy) earthquake secondary effects? (4)

A
  • Aftershocks triggered landslides and rockfalls causing damage to housing, transport and a main water pipe
  • Lack of housing increased housing and rent prices
  • Most of the CBD cordened off-reducing business and income
  • NO. able to attend L’Aquila University decreased
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24
Q

What are some L’Aquila (Italy) earthquake short term responses? (7)

A
  • Hotels provided for 10,000
  • Tents provided for 50,000
  • Prime Minister’s houses were used as shelter
  • Within an hour the Italian Red Cross were searching for survivors
  • British red cross raised £171,000
  • Water, hot meals, tents and blankets were handed out
  • The Italian post office provided many free services
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25
Q

What are some L’Aquila (Italy) earthquake long term responses?

A
  • EU granted $552 million
  • Residents didn’t have to pay tax during 2010
  • Students given free public transport, discounts and were exempt from university fees for 3 years
  • Homes took several years to rebuild-15 years for historic centres
  • Mortages and certain bills were suspended
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26
Q

What are the 4 main reasons people live in tectonic areas?

A
  • Geothermal energy
  • Farming opportunities
  • Tourism
  • Mining opportunities
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27
Q

Explain farming opportunities in tectonic areas

A

The soil on the slopes of volcanoes is naturally very fertile, rich in minerals and good at retaining moisture

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28
Q

Explain mining opportunities in tectonic areas

A

Minerals from volcanoes such as tin, silver, gold, copper and sulfur are precipitated out and can be sold.

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29
Q

Explain geothermal energy in tectonic areas

A

Heat energy in tectonic areas is used to heat up steam that is used to drive turbines and heat up water-65% of Iceland’s energy

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30
Q

Explain Tourism in tectonic areas

A

Volcanoes attract millions of visitors per year as well as hot springs, mud baths and geysers

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31
Q

What are the 3 P’s of reducing tectonic risks

A
  • Planning
  • Protection
  • Prediction
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32
Q

What are prediction strategies for earthquakes?

A
  • Detecting radon escaping from the earth’s crust
  • Seismomoters measuring seismic activity
  • Animal activity
  • Smart-phone GPS
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33
Q

What are prediction strategies for volcanoes?

A
  • Thermal imagering
  • Monitoring sulpher dioxide emissions
  • Seismomoters measuring seismic activity
  • Tiltmeters
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34
Q

What are protection strategies for earthquakes ?

(think building designs)

A
  • Easy access to emergency vehicles
  • Open areas to stop the domino effect
  • Fire resistant materials
  • Reinforced lift shafts
  • Birdcage interlocking frames
  • Automated window shutters
  • Rolling counterweights
35
Q

What is the protection strategy for volcanoes ?

A

Lava walls to divert flow away from populated areas

36
Q

What are planning strategies for earthquakes?

A
  • Fastening furniture and objects down
  • Teaching Residents how to turn off their gas
  • Preparing emergency aid supplies
  • Earthquake drills
  • Safety checklist from the red cross
37
Q

What are planning strategies for volcanoes?

A
  • An evacuation plan
  • Exclusion zones
  • Taught survival strategies
38
Q

What are the 3 convection cells in atmospheric circulation in order starting at the equator?

A
  • Hadley cell
  • Ferrel cell
  • Polar cell
39
Q

When air pressure is mentioned where is it measured

A

At the ground/sea level

40
Q

What pressure causes precipitation?

A
  • Low pressure
  • Air carrying moisture rises, cools, condenses and forms precipitation
41
Q

What pressure causes clear skies and why?

A
  • High pressure
  • Air carrying moisture descends so can’t cool down and release moisture
42
Q

What pressure is at the equator?

A

Low pressure

43
Q

What pressure is at the poles?

A

High pressure

44
Q

What is the pressure between the Hadley and Ferrel cells?

A

High

45
Q

What is the pressure between the Ferrel and Polar cells?

A

Low

46
Q

What are the 2 jet streams?

A
  • Polar jet
  • Subtropical jet
47
Q

What is the area at the equator called?

A

The ITCZ (Inter-tropical Convergence Zone)

48
Q

What is solar insolation?

A

The amount of sunlight the earth’s surface recieves-this is less at the poles and more at the equator

49
Q

What are tropical storms called in different parts of the world? (3)

A
  • Hurricanes
  • Typhoons
  • Cyclones
50
Q

What conditions are needed for tropical storms to form? (6)

A
  • Between 5° and 30° North and South of the equator
  • Sea temperatures above 27°C at a depth of at least 60-70m
  • Summer-Autumn timing
  • Coriolis effect
  • Low pressure
  • Low wind shear-low wind speed at a high altitude
51
Q

Give a seven step formation and lifecycle of tropical storms

A

1) Air is heated above the surface of warm tropical oceans and rises
2) The rising air draws up more air and moisture from the ocean causing strong winds
3) The coriolis effect causes the air to spin upwards around a calm central eye
4) As the air rises it cools and condenses forming towering cumulonimbus clouds-this creates torrential rainfall. The heat given off when air cools powers the storm
5) Cold air sinks in the eye therefore it is cloudless and dry
6) The tropical storm travels across the ocean in the direction of the prevailing wind
7) When it meets land it is no longer powered by moisture and heat so loses power and weakens

52
Q

What direction to tropical storms spin and travel?

A
  • They spin anticlockwise in the north and clockwise in the south
  • They travel from East to West (right to left)
53
Q

How will climate change affect tropical storms?

A
  • Higher storm surges due to sea level rise
  • Heavier rainfall due to a warmer atmosphere
  • Expected to become more intense by 2-11%
  • Catagory 1-3 storms will decrease and catagory 4-5 storms will increase.
54
Q

Why is there uncertainty over climate change on tropical storms?

A
  • Inaccurate data
  • Unreliable predictions
  • Other impacts
55
Q

What do windspeeds need to be to be considered a tropical storm?

A

74mph

56
Q

Typhoon Haiyan (Phillipines) key info:

1)When did it happen?
2)Where did it originate?
3)What was the category?
4)What was the wind speed?

A

1) 8th November 2013
2) N/W Pacific Ocean
3) 5
4) 195mph

57
Q

What are some typhoon Haiyan (Phillipines) primary effects? [8]

A
  • 6190 deaths
  • 14.1 million affected
  • 1.1 million tonnes of crops destroyed
  • 1.1 million houses damaged
  • 4.1 million made homeless
  • $12 billion damage
  • 90% of Tacloban destroyed
  • 3/4 of farmers lost their jobs
58
Q

What are some typhoon Haiyan (Phillipines) secondary effects?

A
  • 800,000L of oil spilled when a container ship tipped over causing 10 acres of mangroves to be destroyed
  • Looting was rife-survivors fought for food and supplies
  • By 2014 rice prices rose by 11.9%
  • Flooding caused water to be contamined by chemicals from industry, agriculture or sewer systems
59
Q

What are some typhoon Haiyan (Phillipines) immediate responses? (6)

A
  • The president televised a warning
  • The authorities evacuated 800,000 people
  • Within 3 days the airport reopened for international aid
  • Within 2 weeks 1 million food packs and 250,000 litres of water were distributed
  • Curfew introduced to reduce looting
  • 33 countries and international organisations pledged over $1.5 billion in foreign aid
60
Q

What are some typhoon Haiyan (Phillipines) long term responses?

A
  • In July 2014 the government declared a ‘Building back better’ scheme
    The government also has:
  • A ‘no build zone’-later changed to a ‘no dwelling zone’
  • A new storm-surge warning system
  • Replanted mangroves
61
Q

How can the effects of tropical storms be reduced?-give 4 methods and 2 examples per method

A

Preparation/Planning-Emergency supplies, Board up car windows
Protection-Retrofitting what is already there with hurricane straps, remove trees close to building
Prediction-Satellite imagery, track cones
Monitoring-Dropwindsondes, super-computers

62
Q

What are the 4 types of extreme weather in the UK?

A
  • Storm events
  • Flooding
  • Droughts and heatwaves
  • Extremes of cold weather
63
Q

Cumbria floods key info:

1)When did it happen?
2)What caused it?
3)How much rainfall was there?
4)What is the population of Cockermouth?

A

1)November 2009
2) Torrential rain in 24 hours+a confluence between the River Cocker and Derwent
3) 314mm in 24 hours-a UK record
4) 8000

64
Q

What are some Cumbria floods social effects?

A
  • A police officer called Bill Barker was killed-1 death
  • Farmland destroyed
  • Homes destroyed
  • River-water contaminated with sewage-health risks
  • 1300 homes flooded
  • Many people injured
65
Q

What are some Cumbria floods economic effects?

A
  • Farmland destroyed
  • £100 million damage
  • 6 important bridges destroyed
  • Many businesses closed and didn’t re-open until much later
  • Over 3000 businesses destroyed
66
Q

What are some Cumbria floods environmental effects?

A
  • Water erosion by the River Derwent triggered landslides along the banks
  • The river carried away hundreds of trees damaging ecosystems and habitats
  • Sewage contaminated the rivers
67
Q

What are some Cumbria floods immediate responses?

A
  • RNLI helped save people
  • Animals were saved by the RSPCA
  • The Salvation army set up a soup kitchen
  • Royal engineers built a bridge and a temporary railway station
68
Q

What are some Cumbria floods long term responses?

A
  • Checking if bridges were safe
  • £45million for flood defences given by the government
  • Retractible flood wall-covered in stone to look nice
  • Improved flood warning systems
  • Flood windows
  • River dredging to increase the capacity of the river channel
69
Q

What 2 weather events are becoming more prevalent and why?

A

Droughts-higher temperatures and increased evaporation-example 2008 flooding
Flooding-more evaporation from the Atlantic Ocean-more storm events-example 2022 heatwave-temps reached 40°C

70
Q

1)What time period are we in the geological timescale and when did it start?

2)What Epoch are we in?

A

1)
* The Quaternary period
* It started 2.6 million years ago

2)
* The Holocene Epoch

71
Q

How long do Glacials last?

A

100,000 years

72
Q

How long do Interglacials last?

A

10,000 years

73
Q

Are we currently in a Glacial or Interglacial?

A

A glacial

74
Q

Give 6 sources of evidence for climate change

A
  • Global temperature increase (0.55°C since 1970)
  • Global sea level rise (10-20m over the last 20 years)
  • Arctic sea ice decline (50% less than 30 years ago)
  • Arctic ice cores (can show data from 800,000 years ago) from oxygen isotopes-when sea ice melts CO₂ is released) the only evidence for long term climate change
  • Glacial retreat (shown by photos since 1800s)
  • Changing seasonal patterns (such as tree flowering and bird migration)
75
Q

Give and briefly explain 3 natural causes of climate change

A
  • Milankovitch cycles-Orbit of the earth around the sun is elliptical
  • Supervolcanoes and larger volcanoes-Temperarily cause climate change by emitting SO₂ to create radiation reflecting aerosols
  • Sun spots and Solar flares-Cause lower and higher solar output respectively
76
Q

What type of wave is short wave

A

UV rays

77
Q

What type of wave is long wave?

A

Infrared rays

78
Q

Give 5 human causes of climate change

A
  • Livestock agriculture such as cows produce methane
  • Cars and transport produce CO₂
  • Rotting plants in paddy fields cause methane to be released
  • Deforestation causes trapped carbon to be released (loss of a carbon sink)
  • Factories release CO₂
79
Q

What is the difference between the Greenhouse effect and the Advanced Greenhouse effect?

A

Greenhouse effect-right amount of heat being trapped and is natural

Advanced Greenhouse effect-too much heat being trapped and isn’t natural

80
Q

What are some social impacts of climate change?

A
  • Agriculture affected in South Asia
  • Higher crop growth in Europe
  • Extreme weather increase
  • Higher sea level-more shipping opportunities
  • Central America maise crop yeilds may fall by up to 12%
  • Decline in winter related illnesses in the UK
81
Q

What are some environmental impacts of climate change?

A
  • Sea levels rise
  • Wildlife declines
  • Coral reefs could be lost
  • 70% of Asia at increased risk of flooding
  • Forests in North America more at risk of disease
82
Q

What are some mitigation strategies for climate change? (4)

A
  • Alternative energy sources
  • Carbon capture
  • Reforestation
  • International agreements
83
Q

What are some adaption strategies for climate change? (3)

A
  • Changes in agricultural systems
  • Managing water supply
  • Reducing risk from rising sea levels

Geography (8 decks)

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