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Health Psychology and Human Diversity > 4) Stress and Coping > Flashcards

4) Stress and Coping Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four main features of a stressor? (Stressor = something that causes stress)

A
  • Unpredictable
  • Control
  • Novelty
  • Importance
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2
Q

What factors influence the effect of stress on a particular individual?

A
  • How stressed they are already (overload)
  • Personality (optimism, hardiness)
  • Resources (money, social support)
  • Coping strategies
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3
Q

What is the value in using the transactional model of stress?

A
  • Variation in individuals accounted for
  • Psychological and social factors considered
  • Suggests ways in which people can manage stress
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4
Q

What 4 ways did Cox et. al identify as ways in which stress can cause health problems?

A
  • Physiological response causing physical damage
  • Immune system depression - infection risk
  • Unhealthy coping methods
  • Negative impact on mental health (anxiety, depression)
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5
Q

What is the main problem when using the transactional model of stress?

A

It’s a complex model that is difficult to prove

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6
Q

Outline the stages involved in the transactional model of stress.

A
  • Primary appraisal (what’s the problem? How bad is it?)
  • Secondary appraisal (what resources do I have to solve the problem)
  • Reappraisal (is it really that bad)
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7
Q

<p>

| Suggest what effects stress can have on the metal health state.</p>

A 
<p>
	-More rigid and extreme thinking</p>
<p>
	-Cognitive distortions (things are never gonna be good again, worst possible scenario etc.)</p>
<p>
	-Rumination</p>
<p>
	-Learned helplessness (loss of control, no will to fight against)</p>
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8
Q

Suggest some possible physical symptoms of stress.

A
  • Headache
  • Muscle tension/pain
  • Stomach problems
  • Sweating
  • Faint
  • Chest pains
  • Dry mouth
  • Sexual problems

Wide ranging due to catecholamines wide ranging action

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9
Q

Suggest some psychological symptoms of stress.

A
  • Anger
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Sleep problems
  • Eating problems and disorders
  • Increased drug use (inc. alcohol, cigarettes etc)
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10
Q

What are the broad names for the interventions that can be given as stress management techniques?

A
  • Cognitive strategies
  • Behavioural strategies
  • Emotional strategies
  • Physical strategies
  • Non-cognitive strategies (pharmacological intervention)
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11
Q

What are stressors?

A

External or internal events that trigger stress responses

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12
Q

What is the stress response?

A

How stress makes us think and feel

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the fight or flight response? What is it triggered by?

A

To mobilise resources to deal with short term stress. Triggered by catecholamines (noradrenaline, adrenaline etc)

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14
Q

In what ways does the release of catecholamines create a response to stress?

A
  • Increased oxygen availability
  • Increased fuel availability (lipolysis, glycolysis etc)
  • Prep for damage - fluid conservation, blood clotting, immune and inflammatory response
  • Enhanced mental function
  • Conservation - knock off digestion and sexual desire to keep energy
  • Increased HR, CO and BP
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15
Q

After being diagnosed with a condition what does a patient have to cope with?

A
  • Diagnosis (emotional ‘jerk’ response)
  • Physical impact (pain, disability)
  • Treatment (discomfort, body image changes)
  • Hospitalisation (loss of autonomy, privacy)
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16
Q

After being diagnosed with a condition how might a patient have to adjust?

A
  • Biographical disruption
  • Identity issues (change in the type of person the have to be)
  • Chronic illness (change is indefinite, uncertainty)
  • Terminal illness (acknowledgement of mortality)
17
Q

After being diagnosed with a condition, what socioeconomic impact could this have on the patient’s life?

A
  • Financial (job loss etc)
  • Social (housing, nursing etc)
  • Relationship problems (change in personality, stress etc)
18
Q

Other than illness what other things might a patient have to cope with?

A
  • Family problems (bereavement, divorce etc)
  • Personal problems
  • Workplace or colleagues
  • Financial
19
Q

What are the two main types of coping?

A
  • Emotion focused coping (stop you feeling sad)

- Problem focused coping (sort the thing out that makes you feel sad)

20
Q

Suggest ways in which a doctor can aid a patient with coping.

A
  • Increase or organise social support
  • Increase personal control
  • Prepare patients before stressful events (reduce anxiety and uncertainty)
  • Stress management techniques (cognitive, behavioural etc.)
21
Q

What are some outcomes of successful coping?

A
  • Tolerating/adjusting to negative events/realities
  • Reducing threat (prep and planning for the future)
  • Positive self image
  • Emotional equilibrium
22
Q

What kind of unhelpful thinking patterns can anxiety cause?

A
  • Increased vigilance for threats
  • Information of little importance can be exaggerated to be very important
  • Increased amounts of threatening thoughts and/or memories
23
Q

What types of patient are at increased risk of developing depression?

A
  • Severity of illness
  • How disabling is it?
  • Those with negative life events going on
  • Those without social support
24
Q

Why can problems occur with patients when dealing with psychological problems?

A
  • Belief that psychological problems are an inevitable part of illness and can’t be fixed
  • Don’t want to be a burden/they underplay how serious it is
  • Don’t want to be judged
  • Stigma associated with mental health problems
25
Q

Why can problems occur with healthcare professionals when asking patients about psychological problems?

A
  • May avoid asking about the psychosocial side as it’s not in their role
  • Reluctance to label people
  • May not want to hear about psychosocial side so they can focus on physical side
26
Q

Describe the difference between the medium and long term response to stress.

A

The medium response to stress works by a preparation to fight infection/pathogens and up regulation of the immune system. Whereas, long term there is depressed immune function and possible inflammation.

27
Q

Describe general adaptation syndrome? I.e. why is the long term stress response damaging

A

Alarm! (fight or flight) -> Resistance (adapting to and resisting stressor) -> Exhaustion (no more ability to resist, so the defensive resources are depleted)

28
Q

What are the limitations of the ‘fight or flight’ response? (stress as a physiological response)

A
  • Not a complete explanation (just bio, not psychosocial)
  • No differences between individuals
  • Assume all stressors produces the same response
  • Effects all seen as outcomes after exposure to stressors
29
Q

What is the value of the ‘stressful events’ model in explaining stress?

A
  • Objective way to measure stress
  • Incorporates different impact of different stressors (I.e. bereavement is more stressful than Christmas)
  • Evidence that stressful life events are associated with increased morbidity/mortality
30
Q

What are the problems with the ‘stressful events’ model in explaining stress?

A
  • Differences between individuals, some people react to bereavement differently etc.
  • Recall bias (if you’re stressed, you are gonna remember being stressed more)
  • Short vs. long term stressors

Health Psychology and Human Diversity (10 decks)

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