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Psych > 4 - Sensation & Perception > Flashcards

4 - Sensation & Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

The process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our enviornment

A

Sensation

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2
Q

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory info, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

A

Perception

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3
Q

Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory info

A

Bottom-Up Processing

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4
Q

Info processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

A

Top-Down Processing

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5
Q

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

A

Selective Attention

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6
Q

Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

A

Inattentional Blindness

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7
Q

Failing to notice changes in the environment

A

Change Blindness

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8
Q

Conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret

A

Transduction

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9
Q

The study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them

A

Psychophysics

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10
Q

The minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time

A

Absolute threshold

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11
Q

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus and background stimulation

A

Signal Detection Theory

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12
Q

Below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness

A

Subliminal

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13
Q

The activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

A

Priming

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14
Q

The minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time.

A

Difference Threshold

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15
Q

The principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage

A

Weber’s Law

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16
Q

Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

A

Sensory Adaptation

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17
Q

A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

A

Perceptual Set

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18
Q

The controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition

A

Extrasensory Perception (ESP)

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19
Q

The study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis

A

Parasychology

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20
Q

The distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next

A

Wavelength

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21
Q

The dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, etc…

A

Hue

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22
Q

The amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave’s amplitude

A

Intesity

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23
Q

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

A

Pupil

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24
Q

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

A

Iris

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25
Q

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

A

Lens

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26
Q

The light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

A

Retina

27
Q

The process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

A

Accommodation

28
Q

Retinal receptors that detect black, white, and grey; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don’t respond

A

Rods

29
Q

Retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions

A

Cones

30
Q

The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

A

Optic Nerve

31
Q

The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind” spot because no receptor cells are located there

A

Blind Spot

32
Q

The central focal point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster

A

Fovea

33
Q

Nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shapes, angles, or movement

A

Feature Detectors

34
Q

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain’s neutral mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers of conscious problem solving

A

Parallel Processing

35
Q

The theory that the retina contains three different color receptors - one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue - which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color

A

Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

36
Q

The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision

A

Opponent-Process Theory

37
Q

An organized whole

A

Gestalt

38
Q

The organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

A

Figure-Ground

39
Q

The perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

A

Grouping

40
Q

The ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance

A

Depth Perception

41
Q

A laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

A

Visual Cliff

42
Q

Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes

A

Binocular Cues

43
Q

A binocular cue for perceiving depth: by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance - the greater the disparity between the two images, the closer the object

A

Retinal Disparity

44
Q

Depth Cues, such as interposition and linear perceptive, available to either eyes alone

A

Monocular Cues

45
Q

An illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

A

Phi Phenomenon

46
Q

Perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change

A

Perceptual Constancy

47
Q

Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

A

Color Constancy

48
Q

In vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

A

Perceptual Adaptation

49
Q

The sense or act of hearing

A

Audition

50
Q

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

A

Frequncy

51
Q

A tone’s experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency

A

Pitch

52
Q

The chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrates the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window

A

Middle Ear

53
Q

A coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear; sound waves traveling through the cochlea fluid trigger nerve impulses

A

Cochlea

54
Q

The innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs

A

Inner Ear

55
Q

Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve; also called nerve deafness

A

Seneorineural Hearing Loss

56
Q

Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

A

Conduction Hearing Loss

57
Q

A device for converting sound into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

A

Cochlea Implant

58
Q

In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated

A

Place Theory

59
Q

In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch

A

Frequency Theory

60
Q

The theory that the signal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain

A

Gate-Control Theory

61
Q

The system or sensing the position and movement of individual body parts

A

Kinesthesia

62
Q

The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance

A

Vestibular Sense

63
Q

The principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

A

Sensory Interaction

64
Q

In psychological science, the influence of bodily sensation, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments

A

Embodied Cognition

Psych (7 decks)

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