2 - Research Methods: Thinking Critically With Psychological Science Flashcards

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1
Q

Tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon

A

Hindsight Bias

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2
Q

Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, assesses the sources, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

A

Critical Thinking

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3
Q

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

A

Theory

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4
Q

Testable prediction, often implied by a theory. If, then statement

A

Hypothesis

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5
Q

Carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

A

Operational Definition

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6
Q

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

A

Replication

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7
Q

Descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

A

Case Study

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8
Q

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

A

Naturalistic Observation

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9
Q

Technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group

A

Survey

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10
Q

A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

A

Sampling Bias

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11
Q

All those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

A

Population

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12
Q

Sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

A

Random Sample

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13
Q

Measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and this of how well variables predict the other

A

Correlation

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14
Q

A statistical index of the relationship between two variables (from -1.0 to +1.0). Perfect, strong, weak, no correlation. Positive/negative

A

Correlation Coefficient

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15
Q

A graphed cluster of dots, scattered

A

Scatterplot

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16
Q

Perception of a relationship where none exists

A

Illusory Correlation

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17
Q

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior mental process (dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant variables

A

Experiment

18
Q

In an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, aka, to one version of the independent variable

A

Experimental Group

19
Q

In an experiment, the group NOT exposed to the treatment. Contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment

A

Control Group

20
Q

Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups

A

Random Assignment

21
Q

An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Most commonly done in drug-evaluation studies

A

Double-blind Procedure

22
Q

Experimental results caused by expectations alone

A

Placebo Effect

23
Q

The experimental factor that is manipulated; variable whose effect is being studied

A

Independent Variable

24
Q

A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment

A

Confounding variable

25
Q

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

A

Dependent Variable

26
Q

Extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to

A

Validity

27
Q

Numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation

A

Descriptive Statistics

28
Q

A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

A

Histogram

29
Q

Most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution

A

Mode

30
Q

Arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and the dividing them by the number of scores

A

Mean (not same as average)

31
Q

Middle score in a distribution

A

Median

32
Q

Representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

A

Skewed Distribution

33
Q

Difference between the highest and lowest in a distribution

A

Range

34
Q

Computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

A

Standard Deviation
Sum of deviations (squared)/# of scores=standard deviation)

35
Q

A symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that descries that distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (~68% of scores fall within one standard deviation of it). Looks like bell

A

Normal Curve (Normal Distribution)

36
Q

Numerical data that allows one to generalize

A

Inferential Statistics

37
Q

Statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

A

Statistical Significance

38
Q

Enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next

A

Culture

39
Q

An ethical principle that research participants be to enough to enable them to choose whether they with to participate

A

Informed Consent

40
Q

Post-experiment explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions

A

Debriefing