4. Pathology of neoplasia Flashcards
What is a neoplasm?
Abnormal mass of tissue - the growth excess and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change
What is signified by -oma?
Benign tumour
What is meant by chondroma?
Cartilaginous tumour
What is meant by fibroma?
Fibrous tumour
What is meant by osteoma?
Bone tumour
What is meant by adenoma?
Glandular tumour
What is meant by papilloma?
Tumour with fingerlike projections
What is meant by polyp?
Tumour that progresses above a mucosal surface
How are benign neoplasms named?
-oma
How are malignant neoplasms named?
If there is something before the ‘oma’ then this is a malignant tumour:
Sarcoma - this is a mesenchymal tumour
Carcinoma - this is an epithelial tissue
What is meant by a well differentiated neoplasm?
Resembles mature cells or tissue origin - this is a benign neoplasm
What is meant by a poorly differentiated neoplasm?
Composed of primitive cells with little differentiation - this is a malignant neoplasm and has the worst prognosis
What is a teratoma?
This is a mixed tumour i.e. comprised of cells from more than one germ layer - arises from totipotentcells e.g. gonads
What is a misnomer?
This is a malignant tumour that is named as though it should be a benign tumour e.g. hepatoma, melanoma, seminoma, lymphoma
What is a leiomyoma?
Benign smooth muscle tumour
What are the different stages involved in the growth of malignant tumours?
- Malignant change of the target cells - known as transformation
- Growth of the transformed cells
- Local invasion
- Distant metastases
Define anaplaisa
This is where cells undergo poor differentiation and they lose the morphological characteristics of mature cells - change in the identity of a tissue
What are the different characteristics of anaplasia?
Loss of polarity
Change in size and shape
Abnormal nuclear morphology
Changing rates of mitosis
What is dysplasia?
What can dysplasia signify?
The presence of abnormal cell types within the tissue
Can signify a stage preceding the development of cancer
What are the characteristics of benign tumours?
Progressive but slow rate of growth - few and normal mitosis
Well differentiated
Cohesive growth - does not invade the internal capsule or the basement membrane
No distant metastases
What are the characteristics of malignant tumours?
Variable rate of growth - frequent mitosis and may be abnormal
Some degree of anaplasia i.e. poor differentiation
Infiltrative - into the internal capsules and the basement membrane
Metastases may occur
What is paraneoplastic syndrome?
This is a collection of symptoms that results from substances produced by the tumour itself
Non-metastatic manifestation of malignant disease
What are the different classifications of paraneoplastic syndrome?
Endocrine
Neurological
Haematological
Others
