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Year 2 Cancer > 2. Introduction to cancer therapy > Flashcards

2. Introduction to cancer therapy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six hallmarks of cancer?

plus two

A 
Self-sufficiency in growth signals
Insensitivity to anti-growth signals
Evading apoptosis 
Limitless reproductive potential 
Sustained angiogenesis
Tissue invasion and metastases

Deregulated metabolism
Evading the immune system

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2
Q

What are the different types of therapy available to treat cancer?

A 
Surgery 
Radiation 
Chemotherapy 
Antibodies
Small molecules
Adjunctive
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3
Q

What are the different goals for cancer therapy?

A

Cure
Control
Palliation

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4
Q

What is meant by ‘cure’ in cancer therapy?

A

Prolonged absence of detectable disease

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5
Q

What is meant by ‘control’ in cancer therapy?

A

Where cure is unrealistic - prevent new cancer growth

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6
Q

What is meant by ‘palliation’ in cancer therapy?

A

For end stage disease

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7
Q

How might a tumour respond to therapy?

A

Complete response
Partial response
Stable disease

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8
Q

What cells will be affected by low radiation?

A

Nerve cells

Muscle cells

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9
Q

What cells will be affected by intermediate radiation?

A

Osteoblast
Endothelial cells
Fibroblast
Spermatids

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10
Q

What cells will be affected by high radiation?

A 
Spermatogonia
Lymphocytes
Stem cells
Intestinal mucosa cells
Erythroblast
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11
Q

What are the different forms of radiation that can be used?

A

External beam radiation
Radioimmunoconjugates
Radioconjugates
Free isotopes

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12
Q

What neurones are involved in external beam radiation?

A

Gamma photons

Neutron beams

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13
Q

What is involved in radioimmunocojugates?

A

Antibody targeted radiation

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14
Q

What is involved in radioconjugates?

A

Isotopes tagged to bone seeking material

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15
Q

What is commonly used in free isotope therapy?

A

131 Gallium

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16
Q

What are the targets for radiation therapy?

A

DNA

Water

17
Q

What was the first ever pharmaceutical treatment used for cancer and how did this occur?

A

Mustine

Mustard gas upon the SS John Harvey 1943

18
Q

What is a common component of current cancer pharmaceuticals and why?

A

Antifolates

Folate is one of the structural components necessary for the synthesis of nucleic acids in DNA

19
Q

What different agent types are used in chemotherapy?

A

Antimetabolites
Ankylators
Spindle poisons
Topoisomerase inhibitors

20
Q

Give three antimetabolites

A

Antifolates
Purine nucleosides
Nucleoside synthase inhibitor

21
Q

Give one ankylator

A

Platinum

22
Q

Give two spindle poisons

A

Vinca alkaloids

Taxanes

23
Q

Give two topoisomerase inhibitors

A

Anthracyclines

Etoposide

24
Q

Why are chemotherapy agents often used in combinations?

A

To minimise resistance and reduced toxicity

Also to be able to target the different hallmarks of cancer - limit as many biological mechanisms as possible

25
Q

Why are antibodies being used to treat cancer? - What are the advantages

A

Target the specific antigen
They are more specific
Have various mechanisms of actions by which they can work

26
Q 
Purine nucleosides are what type of chemotherapeutic agent:
Alkylator
Spindle poison
Antimetabolite
Topoisomerase inhibitor
A

Antimetabolite

27
Q

Why are small molecules being used to treat cancer?What are the advantages of these?

A

These can target oncagene production
These can inhibit signalling at key steps
This is safer than chemotherapy

28
Q

Give three examples of adjunctives that can be used to treat cancer

A

Glucocorticosteroids
Oestrogens/anti-androgens/SERMs
Bisphosphonates

29
Q

Give three types of experimental therapy for cancer treatment

A

Gene therapy
Personalised therapy
Targeted therapy

30
Q

What type of experimental therapy are small molecules and antibody usage?

A

Targeted therapy

31
Q

Give three possible new targets that can be used for cancer therapy

A

Stroma
Blood vessels - angiogenesis inhibitors
Immune system

Year 2 Cancer (12 decks)

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