1. Hallmarks of cancer Flashcards
What are the six hallmarks of cancer?
Self-sufficiency in growth signals Insensitivity to anti-growth signals Evading apoptosis Limitless reproductive potential Sustained angiogenesis Tissue invasion and metastasis
What are the typical characteristics of a cancer cell and the cancer cell DNA?
Loss of contact inhibition Increase in growth factor secretion Increase in oncagene expression Loss of tumour suppressor genes Neovascularisation
What is a denova tissue?
A new, fresh tissue starting over - cancer cells multiply to form a new compilation of tissue
What is meant by self-sufficiency in growth signals?
Do not require mitogenic growth signals to move from quiescent state to active and proliferative state
Many oncagenes mimic normal growth signalling
What are the two ways that cells develop insensitivity to anti-growth hormones?
Can be forced out of the active and proliferative cycle into the quiescent state (G0)
OR cells may be induced to permanently relinquish their proliferative potential - enter post mitotic state
What are the four emerging hallmarks of cancer?
Tumour-promoting inflammation
Avoid immune destruction
Genome instability and mutation
Deregulating cellular energetics (the newest)
What different cells are involved in a cancer?
Wide range of different cell types: Cancer-associated fibroblast Cancer stem cell Cancer cell Immune inflammatory cell Pericyte Endothelial cell
NB. consist of many viral cell types
In which part of the cell cycle are cells quiescent?
G0
What is an oncagene?
A cancer inducing gene
A gene that can transform cells
What is a tumour suppressor gene?
A gene whose partial or complete inactivation in either the germ line or the gnome of a somatic cell leads to an increased likelihood of cancer developing
This gene is responsible for constraining cell proliferation
In which gene and protein do the majority of mutations occur for tumour development?
p53 tumour suppressor gene
tp53 tumour suppressor protein
What does a mutation in the p53 tumour suppressor gene result in?
This can facilitate angiogenesis and resistance to apoptosis
Can enable genome instability
What is carcinogenesis?
This is the formation of malignant tumours
What is k-ras?
Oncagene - activated during colon cancer development
What type of of genome mutation commonly occurs during cancer development?
DNA-hypomethylation
